unit 3 Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
what youth groups were there initially?
A
- dec 1922 - fascist youth front (14-17 year old boys)
- march 1923 - GUF
- balila for 8-14 year olds (revolt against austrian rule in 1746)
- only 3k children involved by 1924
2
Q
when was the onb established?
A
3 april 1926
3
Q
what was the onb + categories?
A
- for boys between 8 and 18
- 1934 - balila had 3 categories
- figli della lula (6-8), balila (8-14), avanguardisti (14-17)
- compulsory for ages 6-11 until 1939
4
Q
what organisations were there for girls?
A
- figlie della lupa (6-8)
- piccole italiane (8-13)
- giovane italiane (14-17
5
Q
what activities did boys do?
A
marching, wrestling, shooting practice, bomb throwing, military training
6
Q
what activities did girls do?
A
gymnastics
7
Q
how did fascism impact education and teaching?
A
- taught patriotism, links to ancient rome
- anti fascist teachers removed in 1920s
- 1933 - all teachers had to belong to the PNF
- 1934-40 - littoriali - national student games
- 1937 - 7 million members
8
Q
what were the downsides of the onb?
A
- divide in success between north and south
- less girls continued schooling past 11
9
Q
when was ond introduced?
A
1925
10
Q
what perks came with being part of ond?
A
sporting activities, libraries, radios, plays and concerts, rail ticket discounts, subsidised holidays
11
Q
what was it like for workers under ond?
A
- 1939 - more than 4m members (80% of salaried workers + 40% of industrial workers)
- workers remained ideologically free - no effort to enforce fascism
12
Q
how did mussolini carry out censorship?
A
- 1926 - laws about censorship
- prefects could confiscate publications deemed anti fascist
- left wing newspapers shut down (avanti, partito popolare, l’unita)
- 10% of all newspapers were fascist
13
Q
how did mussolini create links to ancient rome?
A
- cult of ancient rome
- destroyed medieval buildings to show roman ruins
- 1937 - 1m people attended celebration for 2000th anniversary of death of augustus caesar
- mussolini portrayed as heir of augustus
14
Q
how did mussolini use sport as propaganda?
A
- italy won world cup in 1934 and 1938
- boxing champion (primo carnera) from 1933-35
15
Q
when was the ministry of popular culture created?
A
- 1935 - ministry of the press
- renamed in 1937
16
Q
how was the cult of il duce spread?
A
- slogan mussolini is always right
- 30m pictures of him in 2.5k poses
- no references to age or glasses
- sportsman, photographed shirtless
- lone leader
17
Q
how did fascism influence culture?
A
- 1926 - national institute of fascist culture
- syndicate of artists led by maraini
- film city created in late 1930s
- 1932 - exhibition of fascist revolution
- architecture, plays, movies
18
Q
how were the people repressed?
A
nov 1926 - all other political parties banned
- death penalty reintroduced for assassination of the king or mussolini
- leftist leaders fled to paris
19
Q
when was the political police formed?
A
- late 1926, formed by bocchini
- 1927 - ovra
20
Q
what effect did ovra have on the people?
A
- 5k informers
- held files on 130k italians
- 13k cases prosecuted, 27k years of jail time
- 10k sent to confino
21
Q
when were antisemitic decrees introduced and why were they surprising?
A
- introduced in 1937
- no history of antisemitism + 45k jews in italy
- mussolini had jewish mistress + jewish finance minister in 1932
22
Q
what were the antisemitic decrees and what effect did this have?
A
- 1938 - jews couldn’t marry pure italians, hold public office jobs, own more than 50ha of land, run business with more than 100 employees or employ pure italians as servants
- 6k jews left the country in 3 years
23
Q
why did mussolini introduce antisemitic decrees?
A
- no concrete link to hitler
- thought it would create militaristic society with racial mentality
24
Q
what was the reform of customs and why was it introduced?
A
- civil servants wore uniforms and had to roman salute
- wanted to prepare italians for war
25
how did people react to the reform of customs?
- criticised as attempt to copy germany, people were worried about weakness of italy
- lost support from church, businesses and judiciary
26
how did mussolini erode the power of the king?
- december 1928 - took away his power to nominate a future pm
- march 1938 - first marshal of the empire - highest rank both mussolini and king
- june 1940 - mussolini took complete control of military
- king didn't want to challenge mussolini and lose his position
27
what changes were made to the conservative elites?
judiciary - not much change, judges joined pnf to keep position
- army - ran independently
- civil service - some lost jobs due to antifascism, most kept jobs, mostly unchanged
28
what changes were made to the central government?
december 1925 - mussolini only accountable to king, only he could initiate legislation
- may 1928 - parliament made up of 400 deputies chosen by grand council from list of 1k
- december 1928 - grand council most important legal body, but had no real power, barely met during 1930s
- left the senate alone - 148 members were not part of pnf in 1932
29
what changes were made to local governments?
- prefects in province - organisation of police, censorship, suppressed antifascism
- local councils ran by podesta
30
what changes were made to the party?
- 1925 - farinacci purged those who didn't agree with mussolini, encouraged violence
- october 1925 - 8 liberals murdered in florence
- replaced with turati - expelled 50/60k members and 110k left voluntarily
- 1931 - giurati expelled 120k, replaced with 800k new members
- 1933 - membership compulsory for middle class workers
31
who were the key nationalist figures in the pnf?
- federzoni - minister of the interior on june 17 1924, ex nationalist
- cantalupo and bodrero - former ani members, direction education policies
- ciano - ex nationalist, minister of communications from 1924 - 34
- dainelli - ex ani, got rid of foreign sounding names in late 1930s for reform of customs
32
what changes were made for economic interest groups?
- 1922 - protected smaller businesses against larger supermarkets
- october 1925 - fascist syndicates recognised as only representative body for workers - palazzo vidoni pact
- april 1926 - rocco law, allowed syndicates some rights of representation, pay disputes, special tribunals
- strikes, lockouts banned
33
what were the early economic policies introduced?
- appointed de stefani as minister of finance 1922 - supported little government intervention, privatised some state owned industry, deregulated economy and cut tariffs
- 1921-24 - manufacturing production improved, budget surplus, but there was inflation and pressure on lira
- july 1925 - volpi
34
what was the battle for lira?
- 90 lira to a pound
- 1926 - 150 lira to a pound
- the fate of the regime is tied to the fate of the lira
- december 1927 - fixed at 92.46 to the pound
- caused price reductions and wages cuts, bad for exports industries
35
what was the corporate state?
- ministry of corporations set up in 1926
- charter of labour drawn up in 1927 by bottai - guaranteed workers rights but never followed through
- 1930 - national council of corporations - employers and workers who represented 7 sectors of economy
- 1934 - mixed corporations made up of 33 sectors
- could fix prices of goods, settle disputes etc
- essentially just propaganda - proved that mussolini found a third way between capitalism and communism
36
how did mussolini respond to the depression?
cut wages by 12% in november 1930, encouraged price fixing and cartelisatioj
- public works schemes
- 5km of railway electrified, funding of road building doubled from 1929-33
- IMI policy - provided credit to banks
- IRI scheme - gov bought shares in banking industry and commerce to prevent collapse
- sold shares back after companies were stable again
37
how was autarky attempted and why?
- causes by decline in overseas trade due to value of lira and great depression, invasion of abyssinia, preparation for war
- devalued lira in october 1936
- substitutes for imports (lanital, rayon)
- domestic production only met 1/5 of industrial needs
- high commission on autarky created in 1937
38
what was the battle for births?
- 1927 - wanted to increase population from 40m to 60m by 50s
- 47.5m by 1950
- military strength + larger workforce
- marriage loans available, cancelled after 6 children born but got tax concessions and promotions
- bachelors tax for single men
- womens wages lowered in 1927 but this encouraged employers to hire them
- 1933 - women limited to 10% of workforce
- marriage rates remained by birth rate fell during 1930s
39
what was the battle for grain?
introduced in 1925 - slavery of foreign bread
- high tariffs on imports, grants given to farmers - fertilisers, machinery, resistant seeds and advice for farming techniques
40
what were the successes of the battle for grain?
wheat imports fell 75% from 1925-35, production rose to 7.27 million, 5k newly funded farms, large scale farms of po valley
41
what were the failures of the battle for grain?
increased at expense of other forms of agriculture, increase in price due to lack of competition families paid 4k extra lira per year, total livestock fell by 500k, more than 500m tonnes imported in 1933
42
what was the battle for land?
- land reclamation to increase areas for wheat production
- ruralise - rejection or modernity, but ironic due to focus on fascism as the future
- bonifica integrale - prevented internal migration, usa borders closed in 1920 so population in rome doubled from 1921-41
- drained marshlands and built new towns
- reduced malaria by 50%
- only 58% of land improved
- less than 10k peasants actually received promised land
43
who was pope pius xi?
- january 1922, cardinal achille ratti
- concerned with communism and supported fascism
44
what did mussolini do to win over the church and how did they respond?
- mussolini introduced re in schools, increase in pay for priests, crucifixes on public buildings, banned freemasonry and anticlerical journals
- 1923 - pope ordered sturzo (ppi leader) to resign and support pnf
45
when were the lateran pacts signed?
11 february 1929
46
what were the terms of the lateran pacts?
- gave church 44ha of land (vatican city)
- gave pope 750m lira and 1k in italian state bonds
- catholicism recognised as sole religion in italy
- catholic action allowed to continue with no political activities
47
what was the impact of the latern pacts?
- end of the roman question
- mussolini gained prestige overseas
- increase in catholic marriage and schools
48
how did church support for the regime increase after the lateran pacts?
- plebiscite on march 12 1929
- catholic action appealed to voters to say yes
- 8.63m voters with 98% approval
- held again in 1934 with repeat of catholic support
49
how did church-state tensions heighten in the 1930s?
- giurate and scorza given responsibility in october 1930
- accused catholic action of organising sport, being led by former ppi members and facilitating trade unions and anti fascist politics
- pope responded with encyclical accusing fascists of indoctrinating children
- 1931 - youth groups reinstated with no sporting actives, no former ppi members as leaders
- 1938 - concerns about antisemitism
- 1939 - 388k members of catholic youth groups
