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PSY 110 > UNIT 3 > Flashcards

UNIT 3 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Cross-Sectional Design

A

A research design in which a group of people is assessed on a psychological variable at one point in time.

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2
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

A special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time.

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3
Q

Nature

A

An individual’s biological inheritance, especially genes.

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4
Q

Nurture

A

An individual’s environmental and social experiences. `

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5
Q

Resilience

A

A person’s ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times

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6
Q

Germinal Period

A

Weeks 1 & 2. Begins with conception. The fertilized egg is called a zygote. By the end of 2 weeks, the mass of cell attaches to the uterine wall.

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7
Q

Embryonic Period

A

Weeks 3 & 4. Zygote becomes an embryo. Support systems for cell develop, organs begin. Neural tube (spinal cord) takes shape. Heart beat.

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8
Q

Fetal Period

A

months 2-9. Fetus grows, organ function increases.

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9
Q

Teratogen

A

Any agent that causes a problem in prental development. (Chemical substances or illnesses)

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10
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

A

A cluster of problems that appear in babies due to prenatal alcohol exposure.

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11
Q

Preferential Looking

A

A research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at.

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12
Q

Adolescence

A

refers to the developmental period spanning the transition from childhood to adulthood. (10/12-18/21).

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13
Q

Puberty

A

A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence.

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14
Q

Assimilation

A

an individual’s incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

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15
Q

Accommodation

A

an individual’s adjustment of their schemas to new information

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16
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development. Last from birth to 2 years. During which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions.

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17
Q

Object Permanence

A

Piaget’s term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be directly seen, heard, or touched.

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18
Q

Pre-operational Stage

A

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, lasting from 2-7 years. During which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought.

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19
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, lasting from 7-11 years. Individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations.

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20
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

Piaget’s 4th stage of cognitive development, 11-15 years and continues through adult. Thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypothesis.

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21
Q

Core Knowledge Approach

A

A perspective on infant cognitive development that babies are born with domain specific knowledge systems.

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22
Q

Executive Function

A

Higher-order, complex cognitive processes. Such as thinking, planning, and problem solving.

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23
Q

Wisdom

A

Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life.

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24
Q

Temperament

A

An individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

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25
Easy Child
Generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, easily adapts to new experiences.
26
Difficult Child
Cries frequently, irregular daily routines.
27
Slow-to-warm up child
Low activity level, withdraw from new situations, cautious in the face of new experiences.
28
Infant Attachment:
The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver
29
Secure Attachment:
The ways that infant use their caregivers as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
30
Trust versus Mistrust:
Birth to 1.5 years. Infant depends on caregivers to establish a sense that the world is trust worthy. Without, child lacks a foundation for social relationships.
31
Autonomy vs. Shame & Guilt:
1.5-3 years. Beginnings of self control. When young children have the opportunity to experience control over their own behaviors, they develop the capacity for independence and confidence.
32
Initiative versus Guilt:
3-5 years. Forge their own interests and take on responsibilities.
33
Industry versus Inferiority:
6-puberty. Gain competence in academic skills.
34
Authoritarian Parenting:
A restrictive parenting style in which the child follows parents directions and values hard work and effort.
35
Authoritative Parenting:
Encourages child to be independent but places limits and controls on behavior.
36
Neglectful Parenting:
lack of involvement in child’s life.
37
Permissive Parenting
few limits on child’s behavior.
38
Identity Diffusion:
The adolescent has neither explored nor committed to an identity.
39
Identity Moratorium:
Actively exploring and trying on roles but not committed to a particular identity.
40
Identity Foreclosure:
Committed to a identity but done so without exploring their options
41
Identity Achievement:
After committing to an identity the adolescent emerges with a sense of their own values and principles, a sense of purpose.
42
Emerging Adulthood:
The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood. 18-25.
43
Instability:
Residential changes and changes in love, work, and education.
44
Self Focus:
Emerging adults are self focused in that they may have little in the way of social obligations.
45
Feeling In Between:
Emerging adults don’t consider themselves to be either adolescents or adults.
46
Gender:
The social and psychological aspects of being male, female, both, or neither.
47
Gender Identity:
A person’s inner concept of themselves in relation to the ideas of gender.
48
Sexual Orientation:
The direction of erotic interests.
49
Gender Roles:
Roles that reflect society’s expectations for how people of different genders should act, think, and feel
50
Gender Similarities Hypothesis:
Hyde’s proposition that people of different genders are much more similar than they are different.
51
Pre-conventional:
The person’s moral reasoning is based primarily on the consequences of behavior.
52
Conventional:
Person abides by learned standards.
53
Post Conventional:
Person recognizes alternative moral course, and develops a personal moral code.
54
Prosocial Behavior:
Behavior that is intended to benefit others.
55
Abnormal Behavior
Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.
56
Biological Approach:
Attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes, genetic factors and neurotransmitters.
57
Medical Model:
The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin.
58
The Psychological Approach:
Emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders.
59
The sociocultural approach:
emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives and characteristics they have. (Ex. poverty, gender, ethnicity)
60
Biopsychosocial Approach:
Biological, psychological, and social factors all play a part in psychological disorders.
61
Vulnerability-Stress Hypothesis Model:
A theory holding that pre-existing conditions put an individual at risk for developing a psychological disorder.
62
DSM-5:
The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, The major classification of disorders in the united states.
63
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders:
Psychological disorders characterized by bodily symptoms that either are very distressing or interfere with a person’s functioning along with excessive thoughts, feeling, and behaviors about the symptoms.
64
Comorbidity:
The simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person.
65
Risk Factor:
Characteristics, experiences, or exposures that increase the likelihood that a person will develop a psychological disorder.
66
Psychotherapy:
A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.
67
Applied Behavior analysis or Behavior Modification:
The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
68
ADHD:
One of the most common psychological disorders of childhood, in which individuals show one of more of the following, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsitivity.
69
Anxiety Disorders:
Disabling psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.
70
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
Psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety.
71
Panic Disorder:
Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.
72
Specific Phobia:
Psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.
73
Social Anxiety Disorder:
An intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations.
74
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder:
Disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation.
75
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
Anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or unnatural disastor.
76
Dissociative Disorders:
Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation of the individuals conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts.
77
Dissociative Amnesia: .
Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress
78
Depressive Disorders:
mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression- an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.
79
Major Depressive Disorder:
Psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics for at least two weeks.
80
Bipolar Disorder:
Mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state
81
Anorexia Nervosa:
Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
82
Bulimia Nervosa:
Eating disorder in which an individual consistently follows a binge and purge pattern.
83
Binge Eating Disorder:
Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.
84
Psychosis:
A state in which a person’s perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally moved from reality.
85
Schizophrenia:
Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes, individuals suffering from schizophrenia may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality.
86
Hallucinations:
sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli.
87
Delusions:
false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual’s culture.
88
Referential Thinking:
Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events.
89
Catatonia:
State of immobility and unresponsiveness, lasting for long periods of time.
89
Flat Affect:
The display of little or not emotion- a common negative symptom of schizophrenia.
89
Borderline Personality Disorder:
Psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and emotions, and marked impulsivity beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
89
Personality Disorders:
Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality.
90
Antisocial Personality Disorder:
Psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.

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