Unit 3

Question 1

Caucus

Answer 1

A caucus is a meeting where party leaders and supporters select candidates through discussions and consensus.

Question 2

Primary

Answer 2

Primaries are the people running in the state election

Question 3

Delegates

Answer 3

Delegates are individuals chosen to represent their state and vote for its nominee at the national convention.

Question 4

Party Voting

Answer 4

Describes consistently voting for candidates of the same political party at all levels of government.

Question 5

Prospective voting

Answer 5

Describes voting based on how a citizen thinks a candidate will act and perform if elected in office.

Question 6

Retrospective voting

Answer 6

Describes voting based on the recent record in office of a candidate or others in their party.

Question 7

Rational choice

Answer 7

Describes someone voting in their best interest, supporting the candidate whose platform will give them the most favorable outcomes.

Question 8

15th Amendment

Answer 8

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged [decreased] by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Question 9

19th Amendment

Answer 9

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Question 10

23rd Amendment

Answer 10

The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as Congress may direct:
A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

Question 11

24th Amendment

Answer 11

The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax.

Question 12

26th Amendment

Answer 12

The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.

Question 13

Suffrage

Answer 13

The right to vote in political elections.

Question 14

Political Efficacy

Answer 14

the citizens’ trust in their ability to change the government

Question 15

Electoral College

Answer 15

a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.

Question 16

Swing States

Answer 16

States that not all electoral votes go to one party, votes for both parties.

Question 17

Battleground States

Answer 17

Presidential election by swing States in votes

Question 18

Popular Vote

Answer 18

The person that gets majority of the votes

Question 19

Census

Answer 19

Counting the states population every 10 years

Question 20

Reapportionment

Answer 20

Calculate population for reps and senators

Question 21

Gerrymandering

Answer 21

Manipulating the lines of districts to gain advantage and more votes.

Question 22

Packing

Answer 22

the practice of drawing electoral districts to consolidate the population of a community or constituency into a small number of districts.

Question 23

Cracking

Answer 23

spreading voters of a particular type among many districts in order to deny them a sufficiently large voting bloc in any particular district.

Question 24

Barker v. Carr

Answer 24

Issue: The case involved a plaintiff from an underrepresented urban voting district in Tennessee, where state law required districts to be redrawn every decade but hadn’t been for decades. Did the Supreme Court have jurisdiction over questions of legislative apportionment?
Result: The court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, establishing that federal courts could hear cases alleging that redistricting violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
Importance: The ruling established the principle of “one person, one vote” and allowed federal courts to review states’ redistricting processes. It led to a significant shift in political power from rural to urban areas, as states reapportioned their districts to balance the weight of votes. These changes often added legislative seats to urban districts and improved voting conditions for minorities, who often lived in urban areas.

Question 25

Shaw v. Reno

Answer 25

Issue: Did the North Carolina residents' claim, that the State created a racially gerrymandered district, raise a valid constitutional issue under the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause? Result: The Court held that North Carolina's reapportionment plan resulting in a district shape was bizarre enough to suggest that it constituted an effort to separate voters into different districts based on race. Importance: In the aftermath of the Shaw v. Reno decision, redistricting was held to new standards of justification; in general, race could no longer be the sole basis for creating or modifying a voting district.

Question 26

Linkage Institutions

Answer 26

The structure of linking the citizens to the government using media, elections, political parties, and NAACP

Question 27

Party polarization

Answer 27

Political polarization is the divergence of political attitudes away from the center, towards ideological extremes.

Question 28

partisanship

Answer 28

prejudice in favor of a particular cause; bias.

Question 29

Interdependence

Answer 29

The media needs advertisers, and advertisers need an audience.

Question 30

Content delivery

Answer 30

Ads everywhere.

Question 30

Audience targeting

Answer 30

The ads are based on what you watch.

Question 31

Impact on content

Answer 31

Switch up content for bigger and better ads, make content based on how much money they make.

Question 32

Agenda setting

Answer 32

Media’s influence on public issues needed to be addressed.(Important)

Question 33

Framing

Answer 33

The way the media deceives that issue that impacts our perception.

Question 34

Horserace Journalism

Answer 34

The media focuses on the ups and downs of an election but not the actual election people.

Question 35

United States v. Nixon

Answer 35

Issue: Is the President's right to safeguard certain information, using his "executive privilege" confidentiality power, entirely immune from judicial review? Result: Chief Justice Warren Burger said that the President didn’t have an absolute, unqualified privilege to withhold information.“We conclude that when the ground for asserting privilege as to subpoenaed materials sought for use in a criminal trial is based only on the generalized interest in confidentiality, it cannot prevail over the fundamental demands of due process of law in the fair administration of criminal justice. The generalized assertion of privilege must yield to the demonstrated, specific need for evidence in a pending criminal trial,” Importance: The Court granted that there was a limited executive privilege in areas of military or diplomatic affairs, but gave preference to "the fundamental demands of due process of law in the fair administration of justice." i.e the President is not above the law.

Question 36

Buckley v. Valeo

Answer 36

was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court on campaign finance. A majority of justices held that, as provided by section 608 of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, limits on election expenditures are unconstitutional.

Question 37

FECA/FEC

Answer 37

This page provides access to federal campaign finance legislation, including Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) amendments and legislative recommendations to Congress.

Question 38

BCRA

Answer 38

81, enacted March 27, 2002, H.R. 2356), commonly known as the McCain–Feingold Act or BCRA (/ˈbɪkrə/ BIK-ruh), is a United States federal law that amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, which regulates the financing of political campaigns.

Question 39

Citizens United v. FEC

Answer 39

The majority opinion was written by the moderate Justice Anthony Kennedy, who chose to align with the more conservative justices. The court held that BCRA Section 203's prohibition of all independent political expenditures by corporations and unions violated the First Amendment's protection of free speech.

Question 40

Connected PAC

Answer 40

These committees can solicit contributions only from individuals associated with a connected or sponsoring organization. By contrast, nonconnected committees — as their name suggests — are not sponsored by or connected to any of the aforementioned entities and are free to solicit contributions from the general public.

Question 41

Non-Connected PAC

Answer 41

A nonconnected committee is a political committee that is not a party committee, an authorized committee of a candidate or a separate segregated fund established by a corporation or labor organization.

Question 42

Super PAC

Answer 42

Super PACs are independent expenditure-only political committees that may receive unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, labor unions and other political action committees for the purpose of financing independent expenditures and other independent political activity.

Question 43

lobbying

Answer 43

Lobbying is generally described as any attempt to influence the action of any legislative body (e.g., Congress, state legislatures, county boards, city councils, and their staffs) or any federal, state, or local government agency, or to affect the opinions of the general public.