Unit 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of health from a holistic perspective?
A
Looking at a person’s health in terms of both their mind and body.
2
Q
What does the biomedical model focus on?
A
Physical, medical and biological explanations e.g. genetics.
3
Q
What is the biopsychosocial model of health?
A
An integrated approach to health which involves biological, psychological and social areas.
4
Q
What is a health continuum?
A
A type of scale with health ranging from healthy to ill. Different factors influence the position of the scale.
5
Q
Define ‘stressor’.
A
Anything physiological or psychological that produces a stress response e.g. divorce, examinations, marriage, moving house.
6
Q
What is meant by ‘environmental fit’?
A
The degree to which the environment and individual match.
7
Q
What are demographic variables?
A
Statistics about people that include information of gender, class, education, age.
8
Q
What do psychosocial factors combine?
A
Psychological and social influences.
9
Q
What is a correlation?
A
A relationship or association between two variables. This can be positive, negative or zero.
10
Q
What is a regimen in health psychology?
A
A prescribed course of medical treatment used to promote healthy behaviour.
11
Q
Define ‘meta-analysis’.
A
Involves researchers using studies and results that already exist and drawing overall conclusions.
12
Q
What does ‘locus of control’ refer to?
A
The extent to which people believe they have power over the events in their lives.
13
Q
What does the term ‘socioeconomic’ look at?
A
How social and economic factors affect individuals.
14
Q
What is a self-report method?
A
Measurements such as questionnaires which are completed by participants themselves.
15
Q
What is self-efficacy?
A
The belief in your ability to succeed in specific situations.
16
Q
What is systematic desensitization?
A
A treatment that reduces emotional responses to a stimulus after exposure.
17
Q
What are neurotransmitters?
A
A chemical messenger that carries messages between neurons.
18
Q
Define ‘predisposition’.
A
A genetic characteristic inherited from parents which makes you more likely to develop an illness.
19
Q
What is the difference between physical and psychological dependence?
A
Physical dependency refers to withdrawal symptoms; psychological dependence is when the drug becomes the most important thing in a person’s life.
20
Q
What is tolerance in the context of addiction?
A
The need to increase the amount of behavior in order to maintain the same effects.
21
Q
What are withdrawal symptoms?
A
Negative effects both psychological and physical that result when the addict is prevented from taking part in the activity.
22
Q
What is conflict in addiction?
A
Conflict arises between the addict and those around them as a result of their addictive behaviour.
23
Q
What is a relapse?
A
The return to a behaviour after the addict has attempted to give up.
24
Q
Define stress.
A
A psychological or physiological response to a stressor.
25
What are the key components of the health belief model?
* Perceived susceptibility
* Perceived severity
* Perceived benefit
* Perceived barriers
* Cues of action
26
What does a strong internal locus of control indicate?
Individuals feel responsible for their own health and believe their actions impact their success or failure.
27
What are the influences on self-efficacy according to Bandura?
* Enactive (Mastery) influences
* Vicarious influences
* Social persuasion influences
* Emotional influences
28
What is the purpose of the theory of planned behaviour?
To explain that a person is likely to do what they intend to do based on their attitudes and norms.
29
What are the strengths of the health belief model?
* Helps to develop effective treatments
* Supported by Becket (1978) and Carpenter (2010)
30
What are the weaknesses of the locus of control theory?
* Confusing scales with low validity
* Varying LOC in different situations
31
What is the link between stress and ill health?
Stress can lead to various health issues both psychologically and physiologically.
32
What is the role of adrenaline in stress responses?
Increases heart rate and prepares the body for a 'fight or flight' response.
33
What is chronic stress?
The emotional response to stress over a long period of time involving continuous arousal.
34
What are life change units (LCU)?
The number of points awarded on an item on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS).
35
What is the self-medication model?
Using substances to treat underlying issues.
36
What does cue reactivity refer to?
External environment cues that can trigger addiction.
37
What is recall bias?
An error that occurs when people do not remember events accurately.
38
What characterizes Type A behavior?
Patterns of behavior associated with hostility.
39
What is a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward centers?
Dopamine
40
Define Neuron.
A specialized nerve cell that processes information to cells
41
What does genetic predisposition refer to?
Increased chance of developing behaviour based off genetics
42
What is desensitization?
A treatment that reduces emotional responses to a stimulus after exposure
43
What are external environment cues that can trigger addiction called?
Cue reactivity
44
What is the self medication model?
Using substances to treat underlying issues
45
What is recall bias?
An error that occurs when people do not remember events
46
Define Type A behaviour.
Patterns of behaviour associated with hostility, competitiveness etc.
47
What characterizes Type B behaviour?
Relaxed, non-competitive style behaviour which is non-aggressive
48
What is Type C behaviour characterized by?
Patience, cooperation and minimal negative reactions
49
Describe Type D behaviour.
Behaviour in people who are prone to stress, anger, tension and have a pessimistic outlook on life
50
What is hardiness?
A type of personality that shows resilience when faced with stress
51
What does the adrenal medulla control?
Hormones that initiate the fight/flight response
52
What are hormones?
A chemical substance found in the body produced in glands that are important to bodily functions
53
What did Holmes & Rahe (1967) create?
The social adjustment scale (SRRS) which measures life events and stress
54
What is the significance of Life Change Units (LCU)?
Items more stressful were given LCU; less than 150 LCU = 30% chance of developing stress-related illness
55
What did Rahe et al (1970) investigate?
Whether scores of the SRRS correlated with the onset of illness
56
What did Kanner (1981) state about daily hassles?
Everyday events can have a positive effect on stress and are called 'daily uplifts'
57
What is a strength of self-reporting in stress measurement?
It provides a more accurate measure than researchers making assumptions
58
What is a weakness of self-reporting in stress measurement?
Social desirability may occur when participants report on stress in daily lives
59
What is the impact of environmental effects on workplace stress?
Heating, lighting, physical arrangement of the workplace can affect stress
60
What did Johansson et al (1978) find regarding stress responses in the workplace?
Adrenaline levels of high risk groups were 2x higher than their baseline
61
What is role conflict according to Pomaki et al (2007)?
Responsible for emotional exhaustion and depressive symptoms
62
What is the relationship between hours worked and coronary heart disease (CHD)?
Employees working 48+ hours a week were 2x likely to develop CHD than those working 40 hours
63
What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
* Alarm
* Resistance
* Exhaustion
64
What does the HPA system deal with?
Long term effects of stress (chronic stress)
65
What is the main stress hormone?
Adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH)
66
True or False: Most research into the fight/flight response was conducted on females.
False
67
What is the freeze response?
Occurs when one cannot handle the response in a stressful situation, resulting in paralysis
68
What is the self medication model in relation to alcohol?
People use alcohol to treat psychological issues as it relieves anxiety and stress
69
What is the role of positive reinforcement in alcohol initiation?
Makes people feel good from drinking alcohol, leading to continued use
70
What is aversion therapy?
A treatment where a negative stimulus is paired with smoking behaviour to extinguish it
71
What is the relationship between cue reactivity and smoking?
Cues can trigger the onset of smoking behaviours even after quitting
72
What is a limitation of the biological approach to smoking addiction?
It is considered reductionist as it reduces a complex behaviour to a genetic level
73
What are the physiological effects of excessive cortisol?
* Eczema
* Gastric ulcers
* Heart disease
74
What is relapse in the context of alcohol addiction?
The negative symptoms associated with alcohol make it difficult for the person to not relapse, leading them to drink again to relieve symptoms like nausea and feeling low.
## Footnote
Relapse can often involve a cycle where initial negative feelings prompt a return to drinking to alleviate discomfort.
75
What did Faber et al (1980) find regarding alcohol use?
They found a difference in alcohol use through negative reinforcement (escape drinking) and positive reinforcement (social drinking), linking learning theories to alcohol as an addictive behavior.
## Footnote
This suggests that both types of reinforcement play a role in the initiation and maintenance of alcohol consumption.
76
What is the focus of cognitive explanations in alcohol addiction?
They focus on expectations and beliefs in cognitive processes while ignoring biological factors like genetic predispositions or reward pathways.
## Footnote
This cognitive perspective emphasizes the mental processes that influence drinking behavior.
77
What is the self-medication model in shopping addiction?
It states that shopping addicts select shopping as a behavior to cope with psychological issues, believing it will improve their mood or self-esteem.
## Footnote
This model highlights the connection between emotional distress and compulsive shopping behavior.
78
What is cue reactivity in gambling addiction?
It explains how cues, such as walking past a gambling shop, can trigger the onset of gambling behavior in recovering gamblers.
## Footnote
This phenomenon illustrates how environmental triggers can lead to relapse.
79
What is the role of social learning theory in gambling addiction?
It states that gambling behavior results from vicarious reinforcement, where individuals observe others winning and feel encouraged to gamble themselves.
## Footnote
This theory suggests that observing others' successes can influence one's own gambling behavior.
80
What are beta-blockers used for?
They are drugs that reduce activity in the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, primarily treating high blood pressure and anxiety.
## Footnote
Beta-blockers work by blocking norepinephrine, a stress hormone.
81
What is the cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) approach?
It is a therapeutic technique that identifies and challenges irrational thoughts or cognitive biases.
## Footnote
CBT is effective for addressing various psychological issues, including addiction.
82
What is withdrawal in the context of shopping addiction?
Withdrawal symptoms such as boredom and sadness can trigger urges to shop again as individuals seek to alleviate negative feelings.
## Footnote
This cycle can perpetuate the addiction as the individual attempts to cope with emotional distress.
83
Fill in the blank: The theory of _______ states that gambling addiction can result from direct or vicarious reinforcement.
social learning theory
## Footnote
This theory emphasizes the influence of observing others' behavior on one's own actions.
84
What are fear appeals in the context of persuasion?
Messages that influence attitudes and behaviors by making individuals aware of potential harm if they do not follow the message.
## Footnote
Effective fear appeals can motivate behavior change but must be balanced to avoid panic.
85
What is the Elaboration-Likelihood Model of persuasion?
It suggests that persuasive messages are processed through central and peripheral routes, depending on the audience's involvement with the issue.
## Footnote
This model highlights how different contexts can influence the effectiveness of persuasive messages.
86
What is the central route in the Elaboration-Likelihood Model?
Persuasion that occurs when individuals are motivated to process the information and evaluate the arguments presented.
## Footnote
This route leads to more enduring attitude change compared to the peripheral route.
87
What is the peripheral route in the Elaboration-Likelihood Model?
Persuasion that occurs when individuals are influenced by superficial cues, such as the attractiveness of the communicator, rather than the message content.
## Footnote
This route is often used in advertising and can lead to temporary attitude changes.
88
True or False: Cognitive explanations for shopping addiction have led to successful therapies.
True.
## Footnote
Therapies like CBT effectively address irrational thoughts and cognitive biases related to shopping behavior.
89
What is aversion therapy?
A therapy designed to remove addictive behavior by pairing it with something unpleasant.
## Footnote
This technique aims to create negative associations with the addictive behavior.
90
What does the term 'non-adherence' refer to?
The extent to which patients do not follow instructions from medical professionals in following a recommended treatment program.
## Footnote
Non-adherence can significantly impact treatment outcomes.
91
What is the role of social support in stress management?
It comes from family, friends, and social networks that can support and boost self-esteem.
## Footnote
Social support can be crucial in managing stress and addiction recovery.
92
What is the primary aim of stress inoculation therapy?
To manage stress levels.
93
What are the three stages of stress inoculation therapy?
* Cognitive preparation
* Skills acquisition
* Application and follow through
94
What is a potential disadvantage of stress inoculation therapy?
Can be expensive and time-consuming.
95
What is social support?
A network of people known to an individual, e.g., family.
96
List the four types of social support.
* Instrumental support
* Emotional support
* Esteem support
* Informational support
97
What did Uchino (1996) suggest about social support?
It is effective in reducing physiological responses like increased heart rate and blood pressure.
98
What is aversion therapy?
A behavioral technique to reduce addictive behavior based on classical conditioning.
99
How does aversion therapy work?
Pairs addictive behavior with an aversive stimulus.
100
What were the findings of Danaher (1977) regarding aversion therapy?
It was successful in treating smoking.
101
What is a significant risk associated with aversion therapy?
Risk of generalization, e.g., vomiting during alcohol and soft drinks.
102
What do drug therapies do in the context of addiction?
Replace the addiction with a drug that has similar effects.
103
What is nicotine replacement therapy used for?
To treat smoking addiction.
104
What is the purpose of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?
To identify faulty thinking patterns and replace them with positive ones.
105
What did King et al (2012) find regarding CBT?
It was effective in treating internet addiction in children.
106
What is the role of skills training in addiction treatment?
To help the addict learn new coping skills.
107
Fill in the blank: Rational non-adherence involves a patient refusing to continue with their recommended treatment because they believe their choice is _______.
[rational and justified]
108
What can financial barriers lead to in terms of treatment adherence?
Patients may need to financially recover from taking time off work.
109
In Ley's cognitive model, what directly affects a patient's adherence?
The patient's understanding and memory of the consultation.
110
What are physiological measures in the context of adherence programs?
Blood tests, urine tests, and blood pressure improvement techniques.
111
What was the aim of Lustman (2000) regarding anti-depressants?
To assess the efficacy of fluoxetine in treating depression and improving adherence.
112
What type of measures can improve adherence to health medication?
Psychological measures including memory aids, reminders, and support.
113
What did Volpp (2009) study regarding financial incentives?
The effect of financial incentives on smoking cessation in work settings.
114
What is a significant challenge in improving adherence?
Practical applications can provide issues for the health industry in terms of costs.
