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Higher Biology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is food security?

A

Food security is the ability of human populations to access food of sufficient quality and quantity.

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2
Q

What is the relationship between human population and food security?

A

As the human population increases, the demand for food also increases. This leads to a need for increased food production.

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3
Q

What are some factors that affect plant growth?

A

Some factors that affect plant growth include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, chlorophyll concentration, water availability, and temperature.

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4
Q

How can we increase food production sustainably?

A

We can increase food production sustainably by breeding higher-yielding cultivars, using fertilizer, and protecting crops from pests, diseases, and competition.

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5
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose.

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6
Q

What are the three things that can happen to light when it hits a leaf?

A

Light can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected by a leaf.

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7
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

Chlorophyll is a green pigment in plants that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.

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8
Q

What are carotenoids?

A

Carotenoids are accessory pigments in plants that absorb light and pass the energy to chlorophyll.

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9
Q

What is the action spectrum of photosynthesis?

A

The action spectrum of photosynthesis shows the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in driving photosynthesis.

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10
Q
A
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11
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A
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12
Q

What happens when light energy is absorbed by a pigment molecule in photosynthesis?

A

Absorbed light energy excites electrons in the pigment molecule.

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13
Q

What happens to the excited electrons in photosynthesis?

A

The excited electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain, releasing energy to generate ATP by ATP synthase.

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14
Q

What is photolysis in photosynthesis?

A

Photolysis is the process in which water is split into oxygen (which is evolved) and hydrogen (which is transferred to the coenzyme NADP).

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15
Q

Front

A

Back

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16
Q

What is plant and animal breeding?

A

The process of selecting and mating organisms with desirable traits to improve future generations.

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17
Q

Define selective breeding

A

The artificial selection of plants/animals with desirable characteristics to be parents of the next generation.

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18
Q

What are the two main objectives of selective breeding?

A
  1. Improve useful traits (yield, quality) | 2. Remove undesirable traits (disease susceptibility)
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19
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

Breeding between closely related individuals to maintain desirable traits.

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20
Q

What is the main risk of inbreeding?

A

Reduced genetic variation leading to: 1) Increased homozygous recessive disorders 2) Inbreeding depression (reduced fitness)

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21
Q

Define hybrid vigor (heterosis)

A

When crossing two different purebred lines produces offspring with superior traits to both parents.

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22
Q

Give an example of hybrid vigor

A

Crossbreeding two maize varieties to produce higher-yielding corn.

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23
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using biotechnology.

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24
Q

What is a transgenic organism?

A

An organism containing DNA from another species (e.g., Bt corn with bacterial genes).

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25
Give two examples of selective breeding in animals
1. High milk-yield dairy cows | 2. Disease-resistant poultry
26
Give two examples of selective breeding in plants
1. Drought-resistant wheat | 2. Pest-resistant potato varieties
27
Give two examples of genetic engineering in agriculture
1. Golden Rice (vitamin A enriched) | 2. Herbicide-resistant soybeans
28
Compare selective breeding vs genetic engineering
Time: Selective Breeding = Slow (generations) | Genetic Engineering = Fast (single generation) || Precision: SB = Low (trait bundles) | GE = High (specific genes) || Barriers: SB = Same species only | GE = Cross-species possible
29
What are three disadvantages of selective breeding?
1. Time consuming | 2. Limited to existing variation | 3. Risk of inbreeding depression
30
What are three concerns about genetic engineering?
1. Ethical issues | 2. Ecological impacts | 3. Health uncertainties
31
What does GMO stand for?
Genetically Modified Organism
32
Define genome
The complete set of genetic material in an organism.
33
What is marker-assisted selection?
Using molecular markers to identify and select for desirable traits during breeding.
34
What are CRISPR techniques used for?
Precise gene editing to add, remove, or alter genetic material.
35
What do weeds compete with crop plants for?
Weeds compete for light, nutrients, water, and space.
36
What are common pests of crop plants?
Insects, nematode worms, and molluscs.
37
What organisms cause plant diseases?
Fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
38
Name one cultural method used to control pests and weeds.
Ploughing, weeding, or crop rotation.
39
What is the difference between annual and perennial weeds?
Annual weeds grow quickly, have a short lifecycle, and produce many seeds, while perennial weeds have storage organs and reproduce vegetatively.
40
What are the types of pesticides used in crop protection?
Herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, molluscicides, and nematicides.
41
What is the difference between selective and systemic herbicides?
Selective herbicides affect certain plant species, while systemic herbicides spread through the plant to prevent regrowth.
42
What are the environmental problems associated with pesticides?
Toxicity to non-target species, persistence in the environment, and bioaccumulation.
43
What is biomagnification?
The increase in concentration of a pesticide as it moves up the food chain.
44
What is biological control in crop protection?
Using natural predators, parasites, or pathogens to control pests.
45
What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?
A combination of biological, chemical, and cultural methods to manage pests.
46
What does animal welfare refer to?
Animal welfare refers to the wellbeing of an animal, including the ability to express its natural behavioural patterns.
47
What are some long-term benefits of improving animal welfare?
Increased growth of animals, higher success rate of breeding, and higher quality end products.
48
What is a characteristic of free-range farming?
Requires more land and is more labor-intensive but provides animals with a better quality of life and can be sold at a higher price.
49
How does intensive farming compare to free-range farming in terms of ethics and cost?
Intensive farming is less ethical due to poorer animal welfare but is more cost-effective, generating higher profits with lower costs.
50
What is stereotypy in terms of animal behaviour?
Stereotypy is repetitive movement, such as pacing up and down a cage.
51
What is misdirected behaviour in animals?
Misdirected behaviour includes actions like plucking out feathers, gnawing on solid objects, or hyperaggression.
52
What does failure in sexual or parental behaviour indicate?
It indicates poor welfare if animals are unable to produce offspring or do not care for their young.
53
What is a sign of poor animal welfare related to activity levels?
Altered levels of activity, such as sleeping all day, can be a sign of poor welfare.
54
What is symbiosis?
Symbiosis describes the co-evolved intimate relationships between members of two different species.
55
What are the two types of symbiosis?
Parasitism and mutualism.
56
What happens in a parasitic relationship?
The parasite benefits in terms of energy or nutrients, while the host is harmed by the loss of these resources.
57
How do parasites typically survive?
Parasites often have a limited metabolism and cannot survive outside the host.
58
How are parasites transmitted?
Parasites can be transmitted by direct contact, resistant stages, and vectors.
59
What is an example of a parasite that requires a secondary host to complete its lifecycle?
Tapeworm.
60
What is mutualism?
Mutualism is a relationship where both partners benefit in an interdependent way.
61
How do rhizobium bacteria benefit plants?
They fix nitrogen, which the plants need to make protein.
62
How do rhizobium bacteria benefit from their relationship with plants?
They get carbohydrates from the plants.
63
What behaviors are adapted to group living in animals?
Social hierarchy, cooperative hunting, and social defense, which have evolved through natural selection.
64
What is altruism in the context of animal behavior?
Altruism is a behavior that harms the donor but benefits the recipient.
65
What is Kin Selection?
Kin Selection is when a behavior that appears altruistic may benefit a relative (kin), increasing the donor's genetic success.
66
Give an example of kin selection in vampire bats.
Vampire bats regurgitate blood to feed other bats who have not been able to feed, benefiting the recipient while the donor loses nutrients. However, the donor may benefit in the future.
67
How do long-tailed tits demonstrate kin selection?
Long-tailed tits with no offspring feed others' offspring during food shortages, as they are related, increasing genetic success.
68
What is the division of labor in social insects?
Insects like bees, wasps, and ants have a division of labor where only a few individuals reproduce, and workers collect food, increasing the survival of the species.
69
How does kin selection apply to social insects like ants?
Workers feed offspring from fertile individuals, which are genetically related, ensuring the colony's survival.
70
How do primates exhibit social behavior?
Primates have complex social behaviors, support social hierarchy, reduce conflict through ritualistic displays, and form alliances to increase social status.
71
What are the three components of biodiversity?
Genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
72
What is overexploitation?
Overexploitation occurs when natural resources are used up quicker than they can be replaced, such as overfishing causing depletion of species like cod.
73
What is the Bottleneck Effect?
The Bottleneck Effect occurs when a small population loses genetic variation, which affects the ability to evolve in response to environmental changes. Example: Northern elephant seals, whose population was reduced to about 20 individuals.
74
How does habitat fragmentation affect species?
Habitat fragmentation leads to smaller habitat fragments, increasing competition between species and reducing biodiversity. This can be mitigated by creating habitat corridors to connect isolated fragments.
75
What are invasive species?
Invasive species are non-native species that, after being introduced to a new area, can outcompete or prey on native species, often due to the absence of their natural predators or competitors.
76
Give an example of an invasive species and its impact.
The grey squirrel, introduced to the UK in 1876, outcompetes the native red squirrel for resources, leading to a decline in the red squirrel population.
77
What is the impact of Japanese Knotweed?
Japanese Knotweed's invasive root system can damage buildings, roads, flood defences, and even historical sites, as well as reduce the capacity of flood channels.

Higher Biology (3 decks)

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