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anatomy & physiology 1 > unit 3 > Flashcards

unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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2
Q

levels of organization

A

chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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3
Q

cell

A

smallest structure capable of all characteristics of life

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4
Q

cell theory

A

all organisms are made of cells, cells are smallest units of life, structure and functions or organism is because of cell activity, cells originate from preexisting cells (common ancestor), all cells have chemical and metabolic similarities

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5
Q

squamous

A

thin flat scaly shape, bulge where nucleus is, lines esophagus, airs of lungs, and epidermis of skin

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6
Q

cuboidal

A

squarish looking, liver cells

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7
Q

columnar

A

taller than wide, inner lining cells of stomach and intestines

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8
Q

polygonal

A

irregularly angular shapes with 4 or more sides (honeycomb), densely packed

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9
Q

stellate

A

multiple pointed processes, starlike shape, nerve cells

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10
Q

spheroid

A

round to oval, egg cells or white blood cells

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11
Q

discoid

A

disc shape, red blood cells

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12
Q

fusiform

A

spindle shape with thick middle and tapered ends, muscle cells

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13
Q

fibrous

A

long slender, skeletal muscles, axons (nerve fibers) of nerve cells

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14
Q

plasma (cell) membrane

A

outer boundary of cells, intracellular and extracellular region, communication between cells, regulating entry and exit of materials

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15
Q

intracellular

A

inside cell

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16
Q

extracellular

A

outside cell

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17
Q

cytoplasm

A

all material inside the cell. Cytosol & organelles

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18
Q

cytosol

A

fluid part of cell, 90% water

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19
Q

organelles

A

little organs, specific functions most have membranes

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20
Q

membranous organelles

A

membrane surrounding organelles

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21
Q

nucleus

A

control center, largest, contains dna

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22
Q

structure of nucleus

A

nuclear envelope, multinucleate (only in some cells), nucleolus, nucleoplasm

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23
Q

nuclear envelope

A

membrane around nucleus contains nuclear pores

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24
Q

nuclear pores

A

allows entry and exit of materials in nucleus

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25
multinucleate
multiple nucleus
26
anuclear
no nucleus
27
nucleolus
region inside of nucleus that makes ribosomes
28
nucleoplasm
watery material inside cell
29
mitochondria
makes energy, preforms cellular respiration, liver and muscle cells b/c need a lot of energy to function
30
cellular respiration
glucose + o2 --> co2 + h2o + atp
31
matrix
fluid portion of mitochondria
32
inner membrane
membrane on the inside, includes cristae
33
cristae
folds in the membrane
34
outer membrane
membrane on the outside
35
lysosome
autophagy, apoptosis, catalyzes glycogen into glucose in liver cells, destroys engulfed pathogens
36
autophagy
cell destroys unwanted cellular materials
37
apoptosis
cell suicide, cell destroys itself
38
examples of unwanted materials in autophagy
chemicals, proteins, fat, worn out organelles, in WBC bacteria and viruses
39
examples of apoptosis
uterus cells after giving birth since they are no longer needed, cells of embryo/fetus (the cells that form webs between fingers and toes)
40
lysosome structure
digestive enzymes to catabolize organic compounds & highly acidic
41
peroxisome
destroys only certain substance, free radicals, hydrogen peroxide, some fats. in kidney where substances are destroyed
42
ribosome
protein synthesis, free floating in cytoplasm, attached to rough ER
43
ribosome structure
not membranous organelle, smallest organelle, rRNA
44
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
channel extending from nucleus through cytoplasm, 2 types
45
rough ER
ribosomes, processes new proteins (changes it, ex: adding carb to make glycoprotein), helps protein get tertiary/quaternary structure, sends most proteins to Golgi complex in vesicles. in WBC and digestive glands ( they secrete a lot of proteins)
46
smooth ER
no ribosomes, makes some fatty acids (estrogen, testosterone), degrades chemicals in liver, stores and releases Ca in skeletal and cardiac muscles. In liver, muscle, gland cells ( ovary, testes)
47
Golgi complex
channel in cytoplasm, modification of proteins, sorts packages and ships proteins in vesicles, forms lysosomes
48
cytoskeleton
not membranous organelle, network of protein filaments throughout cytoplasm
49
3 types of filaments
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
50
microfilament
smallest filament, made of actin, muscle contraction and movement of entire cells, during mitosis forms contractile ring that helps cytoplasm of cell separate, stabilizes cell membrane and microvilli, maintains cell shape,
51
intermediate filaments
found in places of mechanical/physical stress, anchors organelles in place, located in specific fixed position, for cell junctions
52
cell junctions
place where cells meet eachother
53
microtubules
largest filament, made of tubulin, hollow, maintain cell shape, intracellular movement, form cilia & flagella, form mitotic spindle
54
centrosome
near nucleus, microtubule organizing center, forms microtubules to make spindles. contains centrioles
55
centrioles
barrel shaped made of microtubules
56
cellular projections
of cell surface, only on certain cells, two types on formed by cell membrane other by cytoskeleton
57
microvilli
projections, formed by cell membrane. finger like, made of microfilaments, increase surface area of cell membrane for absorption, intestines & kidney (absorption of material takes place)
58
cilia
projections, formed by cytoskeleton, short hair like, move extracellular material across cell, cell lining of trachea (sweep mucus), oviduct (sweep egg down to uterus), inner ear (bending in response to vibration)
59
flagella
projections, formed by cytoskeleton, whip like. tail made of microtubules, movement of entire cell, sperm cell
60
tay-sachs
lysosome defective in brain cells, so brain cells cannot degrade certain lipids, lipids accumulates and causes damage.
61
some arthritis
in cartilage cells in joints lysosomes rupture and releases digestive enzymes which destroys cells and surrounding tissues
62
muscular dystrophy
mitochondria defective in muscle cells --> cannot make energy --> cells die overtime -->all muscles including heart die
63
some forms of Alzheimers
mitochondria defecting in braincells--> cannot make energy --> cells die overtime --> loss of brain function
64
antibiotics
some disrupt function of cell membrane and ribosome in bacteria cells only
65
cyanide
prevents mitochondria from making energy
66
poisonous mushrooms
prevent ribosome from making proteins

anatomy & physiology 1 (1 decks)

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