unit 3

Question 1

What are the 7 types of crime

Answer 1

1. Property predatory crime
2. Property fraudulent crime.
3. Interpersonal violence general.
4. Interpersonal violence sexual.
5. Transactional vice.
6. Order disruption.
7. Folk/Mundane crime.

Question 2

Characteristics of criminal behaviour

Answer 2

The specific characteristics difficult to define, since there’s diff types of crime which are bound to laws of each society and laws can change. One thing in common is that the behaviour has a detrimental or harmful effect on a victim, and the person committing the crime knows that what they are doing is wrong or illegal.

Question 3

Adrian Raine (1993) twin study

Answer 3

52% concordance for MZ twins and 21% in DZ twins for their delinquent behaviour.

Question 4

What genes are linked to criminal behaviour?

Answer 4

MAOA and CDH13

Question 5

Brunner et al (1993) study

Answer 5

Analysed DNA of 28 male members of aggressive Dutch family and found that they all shared a particular gene leading to low MAOA.

Question 6

Diathesis stress model of inherited criminality

Answer 6

Epigenetics proposes that genes are switched on and off by epigenomes which have been affected by environmental factors.

Question 7

What’s one possibility of epigenomes being switched on

Answer 7

Maltreatment in childhood.

Question 8

Caspi et al (2002)

Answer 8

Used data from longitudinal study that has followed around 1000 people from babies. Assessed antisocial behaviour at 26 and 12% of low MAOA had experienced maltreatment and were responsible for 44% violent convictions.

Question 9

Raine (2004) brain study

Answer 9

Cites 71 brain imaging studies showing that violent people have less functioning in the prefrontal cortex which regulates emotion and behaviour.

Question 10

What is the amygdala

Answer 10

A structure of the brain made of grey matter, located in the medical temporal lobe and part of the limbic system

Question 11

James Papez (amygdala)

Answer 11

Implicated amygdala in behaviour. Connected as it’s neurally linked to the hypothalamus, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex so has a large influence on brain functioning and behaviours like emotion and social interaction. Plays a role in how we respond to threats.

Question 12

Coccaro et al (amygdala)

Answer 12

Investigated effects of amygdala on aggression by studying people with Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Reviewed faces at the same time as fMRI scan and IED group showed high levels of amygdala activity when viewing angry faces.

Question 13

Amygdala and fear conditioning

Answer 13

Children learn to inhibit aggressive/antisocial behaviours with fear conditioning and the amygdala is involved. If amygdala is dysfunctional they won’t identify social cues that indicate threat so seem fearless.

Question 14

Longitudinal study (fear conditioning)

Answer 14

1795 participants tested for fear conditioning at age 3 by measuring physiological arousal in response to painful noise. Those who committed crimes at 23 showed no fear conditioning at 3 years

Question 15

Link between personality and criminal behaviour

Answer 15

Can be explained in terms of arousal - extroverts seek more arousal so engage in dangerous activities. Neurotics are unstable so overreact in threat. Psychoticism lack empathy. People high in these less easily conditioned.

Question 16

Eysenck’s criminal personality

Answer 16

General theory of personality based on idea that character traits tend to cluster along 3 dimensions; extroversion, neuroticism and psychoticism

Question 17

Biological basis for criminal behaviour personality

Answer 17

Suggested each trait has a biological basis which is innate (comes from genetics). 67% of the variance for the traits is due to genetic factors

Question 18

Biological basis for extroversion

Answer 18

Determined by the overall level of arousal in a person’s nervous system. Extroverts under aroused so need more stimulation

Question 19

Biological basis for neuroticism

Answer 19

Determined by the level of stability in the sympathetic nervous system. Unstable and easily get upset

Question 20

Biological basis for psychoticism

Answer 20

Has been related to higher levels of testosterone so men more likely.

Question 21

Cognitive distortion

Answer 21

Form of irrational thinking. Ways that reality has become twisted so what is perceived no longer represents what’s true.

Question 22

2 examples of cognitive distortion

Answer 22

Hostile attribution bias and minimalization

Question 23

What is a hostile attribution bias?

Answer 23

Someone always thinks the worst.

Question 24

What is minimalization

Answer 24

An offender may reduce negative interpretation of their behaviour which helps them accedpt the consequences and feel less empathy.

Question 25

Kohlberg (levels of moral reasoning)

Answer 25

Interviewed boys and men about reasons for their moral decisions and conducted a stage theory of moral development where each stage is more advanced

Question 26

Levels of moral reasoning

Answer 26

Preconventional level, conventional level, then post conventional level.

Question 27

Why are most criminals in the pre conventional level

Answer 27

Believe breaking the law is justified if rewards outweigh the costs or punishment can be avoided.

Question 28

Apply cognitive factors to modifying criminal behaviour

Answer 28

Anger management based on principles of CBT e.g 'CALM' scheme in prison. 24 session programme teaches participants to monitor and understand their emotions by modelling, role play, team work and evaluation. Aim to develop skills that reduce the frequency, intensity and duration of anger to lessen likelihood of aggression.

Question 29

Edwin Sutherland (differential association theory)

Answer 29

Suggested that offending behaviour can be explained entirely in terms of social learning

Question 30

What is learned in the differential association theory

Answer 30

Child learn if crime is desirable or undesirable, and what particular crimes are desirable and specific methods of committing a crime

Question 31

Who is the differential association theory learned from

Answer 31

Intimate personal groups like family and peers. Wider neighbourhood - the degree to which a community supports or opposes criminal involvement determines differences in crime rates.

Question 32

How is differential association theory learned?

Answer 32

Frequency, length and personal meaning of such associations will determine the degree of influence. Direct and indirect operant conditioning. Directly reinforced from praise or punishment and indirect from role models behaviour.

Question 33

What is socialisation

Answer 33

A process by which we learn the norms, customs and skills necessary to participate in our society.

Question 34

What did Edwin Sutherland claim happened during socialisation

Answer 34

Boys are encouraged to be risk takers and tough whereas girls are more closely supervised meaning they have less opportunity and inclination to commit crimes.

Question 35

How do we learn about gender behaviours

Answer 35

Through observation and imitation of our role models. (mothers for girls, fathers for boys).

Question 36

Why do boys rebel

Answer 36

Traditionally its easier to access mothers so boys rebel against socialisation but their mother to look more masculine. Find male peer groups who reward rule breaking

Question 37

Frances Heidensohn (1985) social control for women

Answer 37

Said women are controlled at home, work and public, and not able to stay out late like sons due to chores so don't commit crimes. Social opportunities indoors too like sleepovers.

Question 38

Apply gender socialisation to modifying criminal behaviours

Answer 38

If gender socialisation is a kay component in criminal behaviour then men should be socialised different to reduce criminal behaviour. Could be exposed to more feminine strategies of conflict management or media should promote less aggressive role models. Man Up Project Scheme supports men in explore ways the concept of masculinity contributes to shaping identity.

Question 39

Short term aim of anger management

Answer 39

Reduce anger and aggression in prisons.

Question 40

Long term aim of anger management

Answer 40

Rehabilitation and reduction of recidivism

Question 41

Key aims of anger management

Answer 41

Cognitive restructuring Regulation of arousal Behavioural strategies.

Question 42

3 key steps of stress inoculation model by Novaco

Answer 42

Conceptualisation, skill acquisition and rehearsal, application and follow through

Question 43

Conceptualisation stress inoculation model

Answer 43

Clients learn about anger in general: how it can be adaptive and non adaptive. Analyse their anger to see what provokes them

Question 44

Skill acquisition stress inoculation model

Answer 44

Taught various skills to help manage anger like self regulation, cognitive flexibility and relaxation. Taught communication skills to resolve conflicts without anger

Question 45

Application and follow through stress inoculation model

Answer 45

Apply their skills in controlled and non threatening situations like role plays of past situations.

Question 46

Aims of restorative justice

Answer 46

Rehabilitation of offenders and atonement for wrongdoing.

Question 47

Wachtel and McCold's theory of restorative justice

Answer 47

Propose a theoretical framework. Their starting point is that focus should be on relationships not punishment and three stakeholders are necessary: victim, offender, community.