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AP HuG > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is culture?

A

The shared beliefs, practices, and material traits that define a group of people. It includes language, religion, customs, traditions, and art.

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2
Q

What are cultural traits?

A

Individual elements of a culture, such as language, religion, food preferences, architecture, and dress.

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3
Q

What is a cultural complex?

A

A combination of cultural traits that are interconnected and form the complex behaviors and practices of a particular culture.

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4
Q

What is a cultural landscape?

A

The human-modified natural landscape that reflects cultural beliefs, practices, and traditions (e.g., cities, buildings, farming, and infrastructure).

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5
Q

What is cultural diffusion?

A

The spread of cultural elements from one society to another.

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6
Q

What is relocation diffusion?

A

The physical movement of people who carry cultural traits with them (e.g., immigrants bringing their traditions to new countries).

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7
Q

What is expansion diffusion?

A

The spread of cultural traits through a population, regardless of whether people move.

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8
Q

What is contagious diffusion?

A

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a cultural element through the population.

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9
Q

What is hierarchical diffusion?

A

The spread of an idea from a person or node of authority to other people or places.

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10
Q

What is stimulus diffusion?

A

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected (e.g., McDonald’s offering vegetarian options in India).

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11
Q

What is acculturation?

A

The process by which a culture is modified through the influence of another culture, often through immigration or colonization, but the original culture is still preserved to some degree.

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12
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The process by which a minority group adopts the customs and culture of the dominant group, often resulting in the loss of the minority group’s original culture.

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13
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

The coexistence of multiple cultures in a society, where they maintain their individual cultural identities.

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14
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

The belief that one’s own culture or ethnicity is superior to others.

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15
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

The principle of evaluating a culture based on its own values and standards rather than viewing it from the perspective of another culture.

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16
Q

What is language?

A

A system of communication used by a community to convey meaning, ideas, and information.

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17
Q

What is a language family?

A

A group of languages that share a common ancestral language. For example, the Indo-European language family includes languages like English, Spanish, and Hindi.

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18
Q

What is a language branch?

A

A subset of a language family with a more recent common origin. For example, the Germanic branch within the Indo-European family includes English and German.

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19
Q

What is a language group?

A

A further division of a language branch, consisting of languages that have a more recent common origin and similar grammatical structures. For example, West Germanic includes English, Dutch, and German.

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20
Q

What are dialects?

A

Variations in language based on regional differences, social class, or ethnicity (e.g., British English vs. American English).

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21
Q

What is a standard language?

A

The form of a language that is taught and used in formal settings, such as schools and the media.

22
Q

What is a lingua franca?

A

A language that is used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native languages (e.g., English as a global lingua franca).

23
Q

What is a pidgin?

A

A simplified form of a language that develops as a means of communication between speakers of different native languages.

24
Q

What is a creole?

A

A stable, fully developed language that arises from a pidgin and becomes the first language of a new generation.

25
What are endangered languages?
Languages that are at risk of falling out of use, often because younger generations are no longer learning them.
26
What are extinct languages?
Languages that are no longer spoken or used, typically because they have no living speakers.
27
What is religion?
A system of beliefs, practices, and moral codes that relate to the existence of a higher power, such as gods or a spiritual force, and how people should live their lives.
28
What are universalizing religions?
Religions that seek to appeal to people of all cultures and locations, aiming to convert people worldwide. Examples include Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.
29
What are ethnic religions?
Religions that are closely tied to a particular ethnic group and are not seeking to convert others. Examples include Hinduism and Judaism.
30
What is monotheism?
The belief in a single, all-powerful god (e.g., Christianity, Islam, Judaism).
31
What is polytheism?
The belief in multiple gods (e.g., Hinduism, Ancient Greek religion).
32
What is animism?
The belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Often found in indigenous and tribal cultures.
33
What is secularism?
The principle of separating religion from the government or political affairs.
34
What are sacred sites?
Locations that hold religious significance, such as Mecca in Islam, Jerusalem in Judaism and Christianity, or the Ganges River in Hinduism.
35
What is folk culture?
The traditional practices, beliefs, and customs of small, rural communities. Folk culture tends to be more localized and less influenced by mass media and technology.
36
What is popular culture?
The modern, widespread culture that is typically associated with urban areas and the influence of mass media, entertainment, and technology. Popular culture changes quickly and is often tied to global trends.
37
What is a cultural hearth?
The origin or center of a particular culture or cultural trait. For example, Mesopotamia is the cultural hearth of early civilization and urbanization.
38
How does popular culture diffuse?
Popular culture often spreads quickly through hierarchical diffusion, as media, global trade, and travel enable the rapid exchange of cultural elements across regions.
39
What is ethnicity?
A group of people who share a common cultural identity, typically based on shared history, language, religion, or traditions.
40
What is race?
A social construct that categorizes people based on physical characteristics, such as skin color or facial features. Race does not have a clear biological basis, but it has real social implications.
41
What is nationalism?
A strong sense of loyalty and pride in one’s nation or ethnicity. It can unite people within a country but also lead to conflicts with other groups or countries.
42
What is a nation-state?
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnic group or nation. For example, Japan and Iceland are considered nation-states because their borders and population align with a single ethnic group.
43
What is a multinational state?
A country that contains multiple ethnic groups with distinct languages and cultures. For example, Canada has English and French speakers.
44
What are ethnic enclaves?
Areas where a specific ethnic group is concentrated, often due to migration. For example, Chinatowns in cities around the world.
45
What is genocide?
The deliberate attempt to destroy a particular ethnic, racial, or religious group. Examples include the Holocaust and the Rwandan Genocide.
46
What is apartheid?
A policy of racial segregation and discrimination, most notably practiced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994.
47
What is globalization?
The process by which the world becomes more interconnected through trade, communication, and the exchange of cultural elements. It often leads to the spread of popular culture, but can also result in the homogenization of cultural differences.
48
What is local diversity?
The retention of unique cultural practices and identities despite the forces of globalization. Local communities often work to preserve their cultural traditions and heritage.
49
What is cultural convergence?
The process by which different cultures become more similar due to increased interaction and exchange (e.g., the spread of fast food chains worldwide).
50
What is cultural divergence?
The tendency for cultural groups to develop and maintain distinct cultural traits, often as a response to external pressures or influences.
51
What is glocalization?
The adaptation of global cultural elements to fit local traditions and needs. For example, a McDonald's in India may offer vegetarian options to suit local dietary preferences.

AP HuG (7 decks)

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