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Gross Anatomy Unit 3 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do cranial nerves attach?

A

brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)

exceptions: CN I and II attach directly to brain, CN XI originates in SC but then enters the spinal cavity

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2
Q

How do cranial nerves enter/exit the cranial cavity?

A

openings in skull (foramina, meatus, fissures, or canals)

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3
Q

Cranial nerve nuclei

A

are sensory or motor but NEVER both
Groups of neurons in which sensory fibers terminate OR
Groups of neurons from which motor fibers originate
collection of cell bodies within CNS = nucleus
cranial nerves can have both nuclei and ganglia

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4
Q

3 letter classification scheme of nerve impulses

A
  1. G or S; general or special
  2. S or V; somatic or visceral
  3. A or E; afferent or efferent
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5
Q
  1. G or S
A

general - impulses can be transmitted by cranial OR spinal nerves
special - impulses can ONLY be transmitted by CN

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6
Q
  1. S or V
A

somatic - impulses that transmit to skeletal muscle and skin; voluntary transmission
visceral - impulses that transmit to digestive sys, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, vascular system, and glands; involuntary

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7
Q
  1. A or E
A

afferent - impulses transmitted from body to CNS: sensory

efferent - impulses transmitted from CNS to body: motor neurons to skeletal and smooth muscle; secretomotor to glands

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8
Q

GSA

A

general somatic afferent

sensation from muscles, tendons, joints

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9
Q

GVA

A

general visceral afferent

sensation from visceral tissues

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10
Q

GSE

A

general somatic efferent

motor to skeletal muscle

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11
Q

GVE

A

general visceral efferent

motor to visceral tissues

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12
Q

SSA

A

special somatic afferent

“special sensations” including vision, audition, and balance

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13
Q

SVA

A

special visceral afferent

“special sensations” including taste, and olfaction (these ones involve chemical reactions)

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14
Q

SVE

A

special visceral efferent

motor to “special viscerally-related” skeletal muscles…

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15
Q

Why is SSE not a category?

A

not special;

considered GSE

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16
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more
CN I – Olfactory Nerve: sensory SVA
CN II – Optic Nerve: sensory SSA
CN III – Oculomotor Nerve: motor GSE + GVE
CN IV – Trochlear Nerve: motor GSE
CN V – Trigeminal Nerve: both GSA + SVE
CN VI – Abducens Nerve: motor GSE
CN VII – Facial Nerve: both GSA + GVA + SVA + SVE + GVE
CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear Nerve: sensory SSA
CN IX – Glossopharyngeal Nerve: both GSA + GVA + SVA + SVE + GVE
CN X – Vagus Nerve: both GSA + GVA + SVA + SVE + GVE
CN XI – (Spinal) Accessory Nerve: motor SVE
CN XII – Hypoglossal Nerve: motor GSE

17
Q

Cranial Sensory Nerves

A

CN I – Olfactory Nerve: SVA – smell (olfaction)
CN II – Optic Nerve: SSA – vision
CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear Nerve: SSA – balance/orientation, hearing

18
Q

CN I

A

olfactory: smell (SVA), involves chem rxn -> V

* *attaches directly to brain, NOT brainstem

19
Q

CN II

A

optic: vision (SSA); no chem rxn -> S

* * attaches directly to brain, NOT brainstem

20
Q

CN VIII

A

vestibulocochlear nerve: sensory (SSA) balance/orientation, hearing
nuclei in pons and medulla
passes thru internal auditory meatus

21
Q

Cranial Nerves: Motor

A

CN III – Oculomotor Nerve: GSE + GVE – motor to muscles of the eye, and parasympathetic to the ciliary muscles and pupil
CN IV – Trochlear Nerve: GSE – motor to the superior oblique muscle of the eye
CN VI – Abducens Nerve: GSE – motor to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye
“3,4, 6 -> eyes do tricks”
CN XI – (Spinal) Accessory Nerve: SVE – motor to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle
CN XII – Hypoglossal Nerve: GSE – motor to the muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)

22
Q

CN III

A

oculomotor: motor (GSE and GVE)
motor to muscles of the eye, and parasympathetic to the ciliary muscles and pupil
*nuclei in midbrain, passes through superior orbital fissure, then divides in superior and inferior branch

23
Q

CN III superior branch

A

motor (GSE)

innervates superior rectus and levator palpebrae muscles

24
Q

CN III inferior branch

A

motor (GSE)
innervates medial and inferior rectus muscles and inferior oblique muscle
parasympathetic motor (GVE)
preganglionic parasymp fibers synapse in ciliary ganglion -> short ciliary nerves -> innervate ciliary muscles of eye and pupil sphincter

25
Q

CN IV

A

trochlear
GSE – motor to the superior oblique muscle of the eye
nucleus in midbrain
* passes through superior orbital fissure
** only CN to attach on dorsum of brainstain

26
Q

CN VI

A

abducens

GSE – motor to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

27
Q

CN XI

A

(Spinal) Accessory Nerve: SVE – motor to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle
- motor cell bodies in SC (C1-C5), ascend via SC, enter cranial cavity via foramen magnum, exit via jugular foramen

28
Q

CN XII

A

hypoglossal Nerve: GSE – motor to the muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)
- nucleus in medulla: passes through hypoglossal canal

29
Q

Cranial nerves: both

A

CN V – Trigeminal Nerve: GSA + SVE
CN VII – Facial Nerve: GSA + GVA + SVA + SVE + GVE
CN IX – Glossopharyngeal Nerve: GSA + GVA + SVA + SVE + GVE
CN X – Vagus Nerve: GSA + GVA + SVA + SVE + GVE

These cranial nerves have multiple fiber types
They will carry multiple types of impulses
They will have multiple nuclei
They will have the most complicated pathways

30
Q

CN V

A

trigeminal:
Motor root: Motor to muscles of mastication (SVE)
Sensory root: Sensory from face, sinuses, teeth (GSA)
- nuclei for both in pons
- roots pass through middle cranial fossa
- sensory root: trigeminal ganglion, 3 branches: opthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), mandibular (V3)
- motor root joins mandibular division

31
Q

V1

A

opthalmic division of CN V
sensory (GSA)
- passes through superior orbital fissure to enter orbit
- divides into frontal, nasociliary, and lacrimal nerves
- supplies eyeball, conjunctiva, part of nasal cavity mucuous membrane, and from upper eyelids, eyebrow, forehead, anterior scalp, nose
- assoc with ciliary ganglion

32
Q

V2

A

maxillary division of CN V
sensory (GSA)
- passes through foramen rotundum to enter pterygopalatine fossa
- enters orbit via inferior orbital fissure; terminal branch exits via infraorbital foramen
- sensory from upper teeth/gums, mucosa, skin of upper cheek, lip, side of nose, lower eyelid, upper side of head
- assoc with pterygopalatine ganglion

33
Q

V3

A

mandibular division of CN V
mixed nerve: GSA and SVE
combines w/ motor root of CN V after passing through foramen ovale
branches: auriculotemporal, lingual, inferior alveolar nerves
- sensory: from lower teeth/gums, mucus membranes, skin of cheeks, lower lips, chin, ext ear, middle scalp
- motor: innervates mastication muscles, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatinis, mylohyoid muscle, ant belly of digastric muscle
- assoc w/ submandibular ganglion and otic ganglion

34
Q

CN VII

A

Facial Nerve: (GSA, GVA, SVA, SVE, GVE)

  • Motor: Muscles of facial expression
  • Parasympathetic “Secretomotor”: Submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands
  • Sensory: Taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue, soft palate; via chorda tympani nerve; also sensory from skin around ear canal/ear drum

exit cranial cavity via internal acoustic meatus -> go to geniculate ganglion, splits into divisions

35
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve:
Motor: Stylopharyngeus muscle
Parasympathetic “Secretomotor”: Parotid gland
Sensory: Taste posterior 1/3 of tongue, sensory from pharynx, external ear, middle ear cavity, carotid body/sinus

36
Q

CN X

A

Vagus Nerve:
Motor: Palate, pharynx (except stylopharyngeus), larynx, palatoglossus muscle
Parasympathetic: Bronchial tree, heart, GI tract
Sensory: External acoustic meatus, taste from epiglottis and palate, visceral sensory from pharynx, larynx, bronchial tree, heart, GI tract

37
Q

Sympathetic Fibers

A 
Sympathetic Trunk (presynaptic sympathetic fibers) only extends the length of the spinal cord – it does NOT enter the cranial cavity
Superior Cervical Ganglion – contains all of the synapses for the major sympathetic fibers going into the head
Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers will then wrap around blood vessels (Internal Carotid Artery) to get into the cranial cavity
Then they associate (travel with) cranial nerves to get to their target organ
38
Q

Parasympathetic fibers

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers – cell bodies are in the brainstem – travel out with four of the cranial nerves
Oculomotor (CN III)
Facial (CN VII)
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Vagus (CN X)
There are four parasympathetic ganglia in the head that these will synapse in
Preganglionic PS fibers traveling with Vagus will synapse near their target organs throughout the body (NOT in the head!)

39
Q

4 parasympathetic ganglia in head

A

The four parasympathetic ganglia in the head are associated with branches of the Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Oculomotor (CN III) – Ciliary Ganglion – V1
Facial (CN VII) – Pterygopalatine Ganglion – V2
Facial (CN VII) – Submandibular Ganglion – V3
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) – Otic Ganglion – V3

Gross Anatomy Unit 3 (1 decks)

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