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Chemistry 11 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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0
Q

Observations

A

Qualitative information collected through direct use of the senses

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1
Q

Scientific Method

A

Way of finding out about the universe, without fooling ourselves.
Is a systematic process.

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2
Q

Qualitative Information

A

Information that is descriptive (non numerical)

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3
Q

Quantitative Infirmation

A

Information that contains numbers (measured values)

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A possible explanation for an observation

Must be testable and falsifiable

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5
Q

Data

A

Quantitative information collected from experimenting

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6
Q

Interpretation

A

An attempt to put meaning into an observation

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7
Q

Theory

A

A tested, revised, and expanded explanation that explains why nature behaves in a particular way

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8
Q

Law

A

Summarizes what happens when nature behaves in a particular way

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9
Q

System

A

Some part of the universe being examined in a given situation

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10
Q

Phase

A

Any part of a system which is uniform in both its composition and properties
A distinct region separated by visible boundaries/surfaces

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11
Q

Pure Substance

A

Substance which consists of only one phase and has unchangeable composition

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12
Q

Mixture

A

Two or more substances that are not chemically combined, such that the relative amount of each (composition) can be changed

Solution, Suspension, Colloid

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13
Q

Homogeneous Mixture

A

A substance consisting of only one phase

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14
Q

Heterogenous Mixture

A

More than one phase
AKA “mechanical mixture”
Are not uniform and have component substances, which, in turn, have their own independent physical properties (each pure substance in the mixture has its own MP/BP, so the sample has no fixed MP/BP)

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15
Q

Solution

A

A homogenous mixture of two or more substances

Composed of individual particles each having diameters <1nm

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16
Q

Solvent

A

The part of a solution in greater amount

Dissolves solute

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17
Q

Solute

A

The part of a solution in lesser amount

Dissolves in the solvent

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18
Q

Colligative Properties

A

Properties of a solution that are brought about as a result of diluting the solvent with the solute
Does not depend on the properties of the solute

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19
Q

Suspensions

A

Heterogenous mixture of fluid with very large molecules or molecular aggregates which will eventually settle out
Will scatter light
Always separate into components upon standing (except colloidal)

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20
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical processes

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21
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of an element which retains the fundamental properties of the element

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22
Q

Ion

A

Any atom or molecule which possesses and electrical charge
Positive - cations
Negative - anions

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23
Q

Molecule

Study These Flashcards
A

A unit consisting of two or more atoms very strongly held together by covalent bonds

24
Compound
A pure substance made up of two or more types of atoms | Can be ionic or covalent
25
Homogenous Substance
Have variable compositions, but a particular composition will have fixed, uniform physical properties
26
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space/volume
27
Chemistry
Is the science concerned with the properties, composition and behaviour of matter
28
Substance
Matter with a unique and identifiable set of properties
29
Physical Property
Any property that can be found without creating s new substance
30
Extensive Physical Property
Depends on amount of substance present ex. mass or volume of substance Not useful for identifying substances
31
Intensive Physical Property
Depends only on the nature of the material ex. Density and MP Useful for identifying substances
32
Chemical Property
The ability to undergo chemical reactions and to change into other new substances (which have different properties) Can only be determined by conducting a chemical reaction A property of a substance observed during a reaction in which a new substance/s is formed
33
Hardness
Ability of a solid to resist abrasion or scratching
34
Malleability
Ability to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets
35
Ductility
Ability to be stretched or drawn into wire
36
Lustre
The manner in which solid surface reflects light (metallic to dull)
37
Viscosity
The resistance of fluid to flow
38
Diffusion
The intermingling of fluids as a result of internal motion
39
Vapour
Gaseous material formed by the evaporation of any substance which boiled above room temperature
40
Vapour Pressure
The pressure created by a vapour evaporating from a liquid
41
Hand Separation
For separation of mechanical mixtures | Phases are easily distinguishable and this allows easy sorting
42
Sieving and Filtration
For separating mechanical mixtures | Principle is separation based on different sizes of particles
43
Evaporation
For separating a dissolved sold solute from the solvent in a solution In solutions, the dissolved molecules have diameters > 1nm (too small to be caught by a filter)
44
Distillation
For separating a liquid in a liquid solution'(homogenous substance) Heat solution until first BP reached, liquid with lowest BP begins to boil until it completely boils off (temperature will remained fixed until then), will condense, in the condensing tube, off as distillate. Repeats for second liquid Different components must have different BP *see inkflow for diagram
45
Solvent Extraction
a) extraction of a solid from a mechanical mixture of solids One of two solids dissolves leaving the other sold behind b)extraction of a dissolved liquid (or solid) from a liquid solution Used to separate a solute from a solvent by migration of the solute into a second solvent with which it is more soluble To solvent solvents must be miscible
46
Miscible
Two liquids are miscible if they are mutually soluble in each other in any given proportions Said to be immiscible if they are insoluble in each other
47
Recrystallization
Used to purify impure solid Dissolves the solid in enough water to form a nearly-saturated solution, as water begins to evaporate, crystals begin to form, impurities stay dissolved in water and the new crystal is pure As long as water doesn't completely evaporate, impurities don't return Can be collected by hand separation
48
Gravity Separation
Separation of solids from a mechanical mixture based on their different densities The force of gravity causes less dense substances to rise above those with greater density When a solid is produced during a chemical reaction, it is usually more dense than the solution and so it sinks Solid that collects called precipitate, remainder that floats above the precipitate is supernatant Speed up process using a centrifuge which spins the mixture, speeding up the precipitation, because if more gravity force experience
49
Chromatography
Many kinds Used to separate a mixture of two or more dissolved solids Each solute is simultaneously attracted to a stationary and mobile phase If the attraction is greater to stationary phase, migration is smaller, if lesser, migration distance is larger Rf = d1/d2 D1= distance travelled by components D2= distance travelled by solvent
50
Physical Change
Those where no new substances are produced
51
Chemical Change
Those where one or more new substances are produced
52
Melting Point
Temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid | Same as freezing point when liquid is cooled
53
Boiling Point
Temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid | Same as condensation point when gas is cooled
54
The Kinetic Molecular Theory
Matter is composed of atoms that are constantly in motion. They transfer energy elastically when they collide
55
Kinetic Energy
The energy that molecules have as a result of their motion
56
Rotational Kinetic Energy
The energy a molecule has as a result of rotation about one of its axes
57
Vibrational Kinetic Energy
Energy molecule has as a result of changes in the bond length and/or bond angles
58
Translational Kinetic Energy
Energy molecule has as a result of its straight line motion through space

Chemistry 11 (6 decks)

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