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GCSE Chemistry > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The Haber Process

A

Produces ammonia which is used to make fertilisers

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2
Q

Ammonia =

A

Nitrogen + Hydrogen

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3
Q

What do titrations allow you to do?

A

They allow you to see how much acid is needed to neutralise an acid

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4
Q

Number of moles =

A

Concentration x Volume

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5
Q

Tests for positive ions

A

Flame tests
Mixing with NaOH

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6
Q

Negative ions that can be tested

A

Carbonates
Halides
Sulfates

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7
Q

What are the metals in group 1 called?

A

Alkali metals

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8
Q

What happens as you go down group 1 in the periodic table?

A

They become more reactive
They have lower melting and boiling points

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9
Q

How are elements in the periodic table arranged?

A

By their electronic structure

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10
Q

How are electrons in an atom set out?

A

In shells, which each correspond to an energy level

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11
Q

Why are electrons in higher energy levels lost more easily?

A

Increased distance from nucleus
Increased shielding

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12
Q

Shielding

A

When inner electrons get in the way of a nuclear charge, reducing the attraction

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13
Q

What do alkali metals form with non-metals?

A

Ionic compounds

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14
Q

What happens when group 1 metals get put into water?

A

They produce hydrogen, produce a pop sound, and form hydroxides that dissolve in water

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15
Q

Fluorine

A

Very reactive, poisonous yellow gas

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16
Q

Chlorine

A

Fairly reactive, poisonous dense green gas

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17
Q

Bromine

A

Dense, poisonous red-brown volatile liquid

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18
Q

What does hard water make?

A

Scum and scale

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19
Q

What is hardness caused by?

A

Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions

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20
Q

How can hard water be made soft?

A

By removing the ions

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21
Q

What kinds of hardness of water are there?

A

Temporary
Permanent

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22
Q

How can temporary hardness be removed?

A

By boiling

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23
Q

What is temporary hardness caused by?

A

The hydrogencarbonate ion

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24
Q

What is permanent hardness caused by?

A

Dissolved calcium sulfate

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25
Q

How does boiling remove temporary hardness?

A

It decomposes the hydrogencarbonate to form limescale

26
Q

How can both types of hardness be removed?

A

By adding washing soda
By running water through ‘ion exchange columns’

27
Q

How is hard water softened by adding washing soda?

A

The carbonate ions react with the dissolved ions to make precipitates of the dissolved ions

28
Q

Why does drinking water need to be good?

A

Poisonous water can cause diseases

29
Q

How can water be treated?

A

By going through water treatment

30
Q

What happens to water when it enters the treatment works?

A

It goes through screening

31
Q

Screening of water

A

Water goes through a mesh screen to remove big objects like twigs

32
Q

What happens after water is screened at water treatment?

A

The removal of solids and microbes

33
Q

How are solids and microbes removed at water treatment?

A

Chemicals are added to make solids and microbes stick together and fall to the bottom

34
Q

What does water go through after solids and microbes are removed at water treatment?

A

Filtration

35
Q

How is water filtered at water treatment?

A

Through gravel beds to remove all solids

36
Q

What does water go through after it has been filtrated at water treatment?

A

Chlorination

37
Q

Equilibrium

A

The amounts of reactants and products will reach a certain balance and stay there

38
Q

What can alcohols be used as?

A

Solvents
Fuels

39
Q

What are esters formed from?

A

An alcohol and a carboxylic acid

40
Q

What can esters be used for?

A

Flavourings
Perfumes

41
Q

Alcohol + carboxylic acid =

A

Ester + water

42
Q

What do reactive halogens displace?

A

Less reactive halogens

43
Q

What are the first three alcohols in the homologous series?

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol

44
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

45
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

46
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

47
Q

What are the uses of carboxylic acids?

A

Soaps
Esters

48
Q

How do you draw an exothermic diagram?

A
49
Q

How do you draw an endothermic diagram?

A
50
Q

Fuel cell

A

An electrical cell that’s supplied with a fuel and oxygen and uses energy from the reaction between them to generate electricity

51
Q

How is a state of equilibrium reached?

A

When a reversible reaction takes place in a closed system

52
Q

Closed system

A

None of the products and reactants can escape the reaction

53
Q

What do water filters at home contain?

A

Silver and carbon

54
Q

What is the function of carbon in water filters?

A

Removes the chlorine taste

55
Q

What is the function of silver in water filters?

A

Kills bugs

56
Q

What are the benefits of drinking hard water?

A

Ca2+ ions are good for healthy teeth and bones
Less risk of developing heart disease

57
Q

Why are alkali metals bad materials to use for water pipes?

A

React vigorously with water
Lower melting points than water

58
Q

What are the carbonates in scale?

A

Calcium
Magnesium

59
Q

What gas is produced when acid reacts with scale?

A

Carbon dioxide

60
Q

Why should hydrochloric acid not be used in kettles to dissolve scale?

A

Hyrdochloric acid is corrosive

61
Q

How is ammonia separated from unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen?

A

The gases are cooled and ammonia condenses

62
Q

What ion causes solutions to be alkaline?

A

Hydroxide

GCSE Chemistry (5 decks)

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