Unit 3&4 Test Flashcards by Megan Biswell

What encloses cell contents, regulates movement of materials in and out, and plays a role in cell communication?

Plasma (cell) membrane

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What is control center of cell?

nucleus

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What regulates movement of materials into and out of nucleus(is porous)?

nuclear membrane

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What is the site of ribosome subunit synthesis (RNA housed)?

Nucleolus (nucleoli)

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Where is storage of genetic information, composed of DNA which carries the “genes” or the blueprint for the organism?

Chromatin-uncoiled Chromosomes-coiled

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What is the complex solution made of water, inclusions (stored material) and cell organelles, fills area between plasma membrane and nuclear membrane, aqueous solution that changes between gel and more waterlike solution?

Cytoplasm (cytosol)

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What is outside nucleus completely, system of membranes involved in cell metabolism and intracellular transport?

Endoplasmic reticulum

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What metabolizes lipids, synthesizes cholesterol and steroid hormones-detoxifies drugs-tubular in nature further from nuclear membrane?

Smooth ER

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Sheet like right near nucleus, associated with ribosomes involved in protein synthesis for cell secretions-makes proteins and phospholipids for cell membrane

Rough ER

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What packages protein secretions for export, makes lysosomes(organelles of intracellular digestion)?

Golgi complex/lysosomes

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Where is site of protein synthesis, and makes ATP?

Ribosome

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Where is the site of cellular respiration, makes ATP, and aerobic respiration-38 ATP molecules for each Glycol molecule?

Mitochondrion

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Where is storage in a cell as lipid storage in adipose?

Vacuole

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What is system of rods that support cell structures and provide machinery for cell movement (so cells can maintain shape)?

Cytoskeleton

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What are thin strands of contractile protein actin-strength and shape cell membrane-involved in membrane movements(amoeboid movement and endocytosis and exocytosis)?

Microfilaments

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What are hollow tubes that determine distribution of cell organelles?

Microtubules

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Where in cell produces all microtubules?

Centrosome/centrioles

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area near nucleus where microtubules originate

centrosome

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Pair of barrel shaped bodies composed of 9 triplets of microtubules, produce spindle fibers for mitosis, and microtubules for intracellular support.

Centriole

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Short hair-like projections of cell membrane, composed of microtubules and move materials along cell surface.

Cilium

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Long whip-like extension of cell membrane, moves cell, only sperm have this in humans

flagellum

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Chemical structure & functions a double layer of phospholipid molecules dispersed throughout and on the surfaces.

cell membrane

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what prevents passage of h2o and h2o soluble molecules and ions through membrane?

Phospholipids

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Transmembrane proteins-pass through the membrane, hydrophilic ends in contact with ICF&ECF (water loving), hydrophobic center in the lipid layers, peripheral proteins adhere to one face of the membrane surface markers

membrane proteins

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No cell energy used in transport?

Passive

movement of particles from high to low concentration=with concentration gradient downhill

Diffusion

Movement across membrane with the help of a carrier protein-passive

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of h2o molecule across a selectively permeable membrane from the hypotonic(lots of water) to hypertonic solution (lots of dissolved substances in it: ie salt in water-a lot of salt

osmosis

water and small solutes are forced through membrane by hydrostatic pressure from higher to lower, fluid forced out of capillaries into interstitial fluid to nourish tissue cells, fluid forced out in glomerular filtration produces urine

filtration

movement of particles from low concentration to high concentration-requires ATP and transport proteins

Active transport

pumps out 3Na+ and 2K+ in with one ATP; nerve impulse initiation and propagation, muscle contraction initiation and propagation

Sodium/potassium pump

Secretions of substances from cell by vesicular transport (hormones/saliva)

exocytosis

Bringing substances into cell in a vesicle

endocytosis

"Cellular eating" engulfing of macromolecules (solid)

phagocytosis

Engulfing of liquids

pinocytosis

Substance composed of a mixture of dissolved substances (solutes) in a dissolving substance (solvent)

Solution

Complex solution called cytosol is enclosed by cell membrane

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Solution outside cell membrane is called interstitial fluid and is derived from blood

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Measures amount of solutes dissolved in h2o, electrolytes dissolve in h2o producing ions= solutes which cell membranes is selectively permeable to produce concentration gradients, a s solute concentration increases, h2o concentration decreases and vice versa

solution concentration

solution with same concentration

isotonic

solution with a higher concentration

hypertonic

solution with a lower concentration

hypotonic

no net movement of h2o, cell maintains normal volume, have same amount of solutes as cells, 0.9% NaCl=PSS or 300 milliosomoles NS=5% glucose

IN ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS

Water moves out of cell, cell shrivel (crenate) and the ECF becomes flooded=edema, >0.9% NaCl

Hypertonic solutions

water moves into cell, cell swells, may burst (lyse), or tugor tightness of membrane (low skin turgor is a sign of dehydration)

hypotonic solutions

measure of tendency of a solution to draw h2o by osmosis. increases as difference in solute concentration increases between the two solutions

osmotic pressure

Functions of Ions in the body, provide essential minerals as salts,

Na+K+ pump, Ca2+, PO4 Mg2+, Fe2+ I-

H+ bicarbonate buffer systems, breathing rate &pH (CO2 regulation), and kidneys and electrolytes & h+ excretions

Regulation of pH

Which symbols do these represent? Na+, Cl-, HCO3(bicarbonate), H+(organic acids)

ECF Extracellular fluid outside membrane

What are these symbols? K+ HPO43- Mg 2+ and Ca2+

ICF Intracellular fluid inside cell membrane

Characteristic of ICF(body fluids distributed among compartments separated by selectively permeable membranes), 65% of body fluids, major ions, and about 25L (of 40L of average 150lb male)

ICF

Extracellular fluid is 35% of body fluids-major ions, blood & lymph about 3-1/4L interstitial fluid tissues about 10L

ECF

water moves between compartments by osmosis, driven by concentration gradient, concentration of solutes primarily sodium and potassium (salts) govern fluid balance and volume

characteristics of ECF & ICF

can be used to restore blood volume and pressure, used to maintain fluid volume=(40L) and distribution among compartments

normal saline or physiological saline

sodium and sodium chloride .9% is isotonic, maintains osmolarity, can induce hypernatremia--> edema and congestive heart failure; hyperchloremia-->acidosis

ns PSS

lacking potassium calcium and magnesium leads to cardiac arrest due to hypocalcemia, ------ is used to treat pH imbalance as well as fluid balance: sodium to restore ECF volume, potassium to restore ICF volume, lactate to balance cations, glucose to make solution isotonic (300Osm)

Ringers solution

Nucleic acids are made up of long chains of nucleotide subunits, what are they?

Phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogen base | *nucleotide subunits bonded together S to P to make nucleic acid molecule

What is sugar in DNA?

deoxyribose

What are nitrogen bases?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

What is sugar in RNA?

Ribose

What are the nitrogen bases?

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine and Cytosine

What are DNA functions?

store genetic info, replicates itself to pass genetic info to next generation

What are RNA functions

carries genetic info from nucleus to the ribosomes for protein syntheis, at ribosome RNA carries out translation using genetic info to synthesize proteins

2 halves of DNA separate by breaking bonds between complementary n bases>>>

replication

The enzyme DNA polymerase catalyzes the replication, the formation of the phosphate bond between sugar and phosphate of adjacent nucleotides

DNA replication steps

What phase carries out metabolic functions-grows-prepares for nuclear division?

Interphase

What is initial rapid growth?

What is synthesis of DNA-DNA in form of chromatin replicates

What is growth and preparation for mitosis?

Some cells enter this after G1-do not replicate, do not go through mitosis?

What phase does the nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear, centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell producing the spindle fibers attached to each chromosome, and chromatin condenses to form chromosomes?

Prophase

What phase do chromosomes line up on ___ plate, each chromosome is made of 2 identical strands called chromatids held at kinetochore or centromere?

Metaphase

What phase do chromatids of each chromosome are separated as they are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers?

Anaphase

What phase do spindles disappear, nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromatid, and chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin?

Telophase

When does division of the cytoplasm into 2 new cells? in animal cells a cleavage furrow forms as a contractile ring of peripheral microfilaments squeezes the cells apart, in plant cells a cell plate (new cell wall) forms to separate the 2 new cells?

Cytokinesis

What structure digests ingested material and worn out organelles?

Lysosome

What confines cell content, regulates entry and exit of materials?

plasma membrane

DNA rich material in nucleus of cell interphase

chromatin

controls release of energy from foods-site of cell respiration

mitochondria

produce the spindle, involved in cell division

centrioles

stores genetic info, directs cell activites and division

nucleus

transports proteins made on the ribosome

Rough er

packaging and processing cell secretions

golgi apparatus

ribosome production

nucleolus

site of protein synthesis

ribosomes

pressure created by osmosis through a selective membrane

turgor

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

osmosis

passive carrier molecule transport

facilitated diffusion

transport involving formation of membrane-bound vesicles

endocytosis

accumulation of water in tissues due to fluid imabalance

edema

Unit 3&4 Test Flashcards

(90 cards)