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AP Human Geography > unit 3 + 4 vocab > Flashcards

unit 3 + 4 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

What are artifacts?

A

The material things created by a society (tools, weapons, etc)

Artifacts represent the tangible aspects of culture.

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2
Q

Define mentifacts.

A

The ideas and beliefs of a society (religious beliefs, attitudes)

Mentifacts encompass the intangible elements of culture.

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3
Q

What are sociofacts?

A

Institutions of a society (laws, government, etc)

Sociofacts represent the organizational structure of a culture.

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4
Q

What is assimilation/acculturation?

A

Process whereby a less dominant culture adopts characteristics of the dominant culture

Example: immigrants to the United States learning to speak English.

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5
Q

What does the cultural core/periphery pattern refer to?

A

The core houses the main economic power of a region while the periphery has lesser economic ties

Powerful forces in the core spread their culture to the periphery.

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6
Q

Define creolized language.

A

Language that is a mix between the language of the colonizer and the language of those being colonized

Example: Haitian Creole combines French with languages of slaves.

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7
Q

What is cultural ecology?

A

The geographic study of human environmental relationships

It includes concepts like environmental determinism and possibilism.

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8
Q

What is culture?

A

The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition

AKA, their attitudes, customs, and beliefs.

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9
Q

Describe folk culture.

A

Found in rural, isolated communities, origins anonymous/traditional, changes little over time

Often threatened by popular culture.

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10
Q

What is popular culture?

A

Found in advanced societies with modern technology, diffuses and changes rapidly

Influenced by and spread through media.

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11
Q

What does ‘indigenous’ refer to?

A

Something that is native to an area

Indigenous people are those native to a region, similar to folk culture.

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12
Q

What was the Aboriginal Land Rights Act?

A

An attempt by the Australian government in 1976 to return land to Aborigines

Aborigines may have inhabited the area for 60,000 years.

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13
Q

What is Nunavut?

A

Northernmost territory in Canada formed in 1999 to satisfy Inuit demands for self-governing

It represents a significant cultural and political achievement for the Inuit.

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14
Q

Define lingua franca.

A

A language of international communication spoken across a broad area outside the native country

Example: English is a global Lingua Franca.

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15
Q

What is maladaptive diffusion?

A

Diffusion of a process with negative side effects

What works well in one region may not work in another.

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16
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

Trend in developed societies to accept or develop a diversity of cultural norms

Often due to large numbers of immigrants.

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17
Q

Define uniform landscape.

A

Effect of popular culture that makes different places seem more alike

Example: fast food restaurants across various regions.

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18
Q

What is sequent occupance?

A

Modifications to the cultural landscape that accumulate over periods of migration and contribution by different cultural groups

Example: Harlem’s cultural landscape reflects diverse ethnic influences.

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19
Q

What is a pidgin language?

A

Language that is a simplified combination of two other languages

Example: Spanglish.

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20
Q

What is a language family?

A

Group of languages that share a common ancestor which existed before recorded history

Example: Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan.

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21
Q

Define language branch.

A

A division of a language family

Example: Indo-European has branches like Germanic and Romance.

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22
Q

What is religion?

A

The faithfulness to codified beliefs and rituals that generally involve faith of a spiritual nature

Can be a centrifugal or centripetal force.

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23
Q

What is regionalism?

A

A group’s perceived identification with a particular region

Example: Quebecois identifying more as Quebecois than as Canadians.

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24
Q

Define animism.

A

Belief that objects or natural events have a spirit and life

It is common in many traditional religions of Africa.

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25
What is Buddhism?
The third of the world’s major universalizing religions with 365 million adherents ## Footnote Especially prevalent in China and Southeast Asia.
26
What is Christianity?
A monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth ## Footnote Largest universalizing religion with 2.2 billion adherents.
27
Define Confucianism.
Developed by Confucius, it’s a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought ## Footnote Influential in Chinese culture for over 2,000 years.
28
What is an ethnic religion?
A religion with a rather concentrated distribution based on the physical characteristics of a specific location ## Footnote Examples: Hinduism, Confucianism, Shinto.
29
What is an enclave?
A group with one characteristic clustered and surrounded by a different characteristic ## Footnote Example: ethnic enclaves in urban areas.
30
Define fundamentalism.
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion ## Footnote Often a reaction against globalization.
31
What is Hajj?
The world’s largest annual international pilgrimage to Mecca for followers of Islam ## Footnote It is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
32
What is Hinduism?
An ethnic religion created in India, representing 80% of India's population ## Footnote The Ganges River is a significant site for pilgrimage.
33
What are interfaith boundaries?
Boundaries between the world's major faiths ## Footnote Example: conflicts in Yugoslavia and India/Pakistan.
34
What is Islam?
A monotheistic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad ## Footnote Second largest religion in the world.
35
Define isogloss.
A language usage boundary ## Footnote Example: the difference in terminology like coke vs pop vs soda.
36
What is Jainism?
Religion and philosophy originating in ancient India, stressing spiritual independence and equality ## Footnote Focuses on non-violence and respect for all living beings.
37
What is Judaism?
The religion of ancient Hebrews, one of the first monotheistic faiths ## Footnote It is the oldest of the three 'Religions of Abraham.'
38
What is monotheism?
The belief in one god ## Footnote Opposite of polytheism, which is the belief in many gods.
39
What is Mormonism?
Describes the religious, ideological, and cultural aspects of the Latter Day Saints movement ## Footnote Originated in New York and now centered in Salt Lake City, Utah.
40
Define universalizing religion.
A religion that attempts to be global and appeal to all people ## Footnote Examples: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism.
41
What is reincarnation?
The religious concept of rebirth in human or animal form ## Footnote Common in Buddhism and Hinduism.
42
What are religious architectural styles?
Styles identifiable as part of the cultural landscape ## Footnote Includes mosques, Hindu temples, and Buddhist pagodas.
43
What is the Arab-Israeli conflict?
Conflict between Arabs (Palestinians) and Jews (Israelis) over territory historically known as Palestine ## Footnote Currently, this area is controlled by Israelis.
44
What is a religious cultural hearth?
The birthplace of a religion ## Footnote Example: the Middle East for Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.
45
Define religious toponym.
Places with religious names ## Footnote Example: San Diego, Saint Augustine, San Francisco.
46
What is sacred space?
Places where religious figures and congregations meet for ceremonies ## Footnote Example: churches or sites of religious significance.
47
What is secularism?
Refers to non-religious legal systems or governments that separate 'church and state' ## Footnote Opposite of a theocratic system.
48
Define shamanism.
Traditional beliefs and practices that claim the ability to cure or harm through supernatural means ## Footnote Often involves rituals led by a shaman or healer.
49
What is sharia law?
A legal system derived from the Koran (Quran) ## Footnote It governs various aspects of life in Islamic countries.
50
Define Shintoism.
The ethnic religion of Japan, once its official state religion ## Footnote Practiced in conjunction with Buddhism.
51
What is Sikhism?
A universalizing religion that began in sixteenth century Northern India ## Footnote It emphasizes equality and community service.
52
What is annexation?
Incorporation of a territory into another geo-political entity ## Footnote Example: Russia annexing Crimea in 2014.
53
What is the status of Antarctica?
Has no permanent residents and doesn't belong to any country ## Footnote International agreements ban military bases.
54
What was apartheid?
Segregation of black and other 'non-white' South Africans from 1948 to 1994 ## Footnote Created to maintain white minority control.
55
What is Balkanization?
A violent form of devolution leading to the fragmentation of a country into smaller, hostile units ## Footnote Example: the breakup of Yugoslavia.
56
What are the two types of border landscapes?
Exclusionary and inclusionary ## Footnote Exclusionary keeps people out, inclusionary facilitates trade.
57
What are boundary disputes?
Conflicts over the location, size, and extent of borders between nations ## Footnote Example: disputes along the U.S.-Mexico border.
58
Define boundary type.
Boundaries may be natural or political, with cultural boundaries existing within countries ## Footnote Cultural boundaries often reflect historical rivalries.
59
What is an antecedent boundary?
A boundary created before the present-day cultural landscape developed ## Footnote Example: the U.S.-Canada boundary along the 48th parallel.
60
Define geometric boundary.
A boundary that follows a straight line ## Footnote Example: the boundary between the Western U.S. and Canada.
61
What is a relict/relic boundary?
A boundary that has ceased to exist, but its imprint remains on the landscape ## Footnote Example: the former boundary between East and West Germany.
62
What is a subsequent/ethnographic boundary?
A boundary drawn to accommodate differences in religion, ethnicity, language, or economics ## Footnote Example: the boundary between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
63
What are superimposed boundaries?
Boundaries created by humans for political reasons without regard to existing cultural factors ## Footnote Example: North and South Korea.
64
What is a defined boundary?
A boundary established by a legal document or treaty ## Footnote Example: international treaties defining national borders.
65
What is a delimited boundary?
A line drawn on a map to show the limits of a space ## Footnote It visually represents boundaries agreed upon.
66
Define demarcated boundary.
Identified by physical objects placed on the landscape ## Footnote Examples include walls, fences, or signs.
67
What is a buffer state?
A country lying between two more powerful countries that are hostile to each other ## Footnote Example: Mongolia between Russia and China.
68
What is a capital?
City in a state or country where political power is concentrated ## Footnote Example: Washington D.C.
69
What are centrifugal forces?
Cultural elements that differ among a population and cause conflict ## Footnote These forces pull people apart.
70
What are centripetal forces?
Attitudes or common cultural traits that unify people ## Footnote These forces enhance support for the state.
71
What is a city-state?
A city that also controlled the surrounding countryside in ancient times ## Footnote Examples include city-states of Mesopotamia and ancient Athens.
72
What is colonialism?
The attempt by a country to establish settlements and impose control over other places ## Footnote Predominantly European colonialism from the 16th century.
73
What is a confederation?
Association of sovereign states by treaty or agreement ## Footnote It deals with issues like defense and trade.
74
What was the Conference of Berlin?
Meeting among European powers in 1884-1885 to divide Africa among them ## Footnote No African leaders were present.
75
What does the core/periphery model describe?
Core countries have the highest levels of development, while peripheral countries have less ## Footnote This model highlights economic disparities.
76
What is a Confederation?
Association of sovereign states by a treaty or agreement dealing with defense, foreign affairs, trade, and a common currency.
77
What was the Conference of Berlin?
Meeting among European powers in 1884-1885 to divide Africa, establishing European political and cultural influence without African leaders present.
78
Core/periphery model: Define core countries.
Countries with the highest levels of development.
79
Core/periphery model: Define semi-peripheral countries.
Less developed countries (e.g., China, Mexico, Brazil) that receive investment from the core.
80
Core/periphery model: Define periphery countries.
Less and least developed countries that receive little investment and are often farther from the core.
81
What is decolonization?
The movement of colonies gaining independence, which could be peaceful or violent.
82
What is devolution?
Decentralization of government from a unitary to a federal system or fracturing of a government.
83
What does the domino theory suggest?
If one country in a region comes under Communist influence, more will follow like a domino effect.
84
Provide an example of ethnic separatism.
Basque people in Northeastern Spain have fought to break away.
85
What is an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)?
An area stretching 200 nautical miles from a country's coast where it has exclusive rights to resources.
86
Define enclave.
A country or part of a country mostly surrounded by another country.
87
Define exclave.
A country geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory.
88
What is ethnic conflict?
Violence between ethnic groups often caused by nationalism, historic resentments, or resource disputes.
89
What is the European Union (EU)?
A supranational and intergovernmental union of 27 democratic member states of Europe.
90
What is the Eurozone?
Members of the EU that use the Euro as currency and share a central bank.
91
What is a federal state?
A state where local government units have considerable power to create laws and govern themselves.
92
What is a forward capital?
A symbolically relocated capital city used to integrate outlying parts of a country.
93
Define frontier.
A zone where no state exercises complete political control, often uninhabited.
94
What is geopolitics?
The study analyzing geography, history, and social science in relation to international politics.
95
What is the Heartland theory?
The idea that controlling the 'pivot' area of Eastern Europe and Central Asia leads to global dominance.
96
What is the Rimland Theory?
Similar to Heartland theory, it emphasizes the importance of the coastal rim of Asia for geopolitical control.
97
What is Organic Theory?
The idea that states must grow and expand to secure resources needed for survival.
98
What is gerrymandering?
The process of redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the political party in power.
99
What are global commons?
Resources that no one person or state may own or control, central to life.
100
Define immigrant state.
A receiving state that is the target of many immigrants, typically developed countries.
101
What is irredentism?
Territorial claims based on national, ethnic, or historical basis often aimed at enlarging a state.
102
Define nation.
A group of people with a shared cultural history who want to rule over their own territory.
103
Define state.
An independent territory with a government that exercises control over its boundaries.
104
What is a nation-state?
A country made up mostly of one ethnic group.
105
Define nationalism.
When an ethnic group desires to have their own country and pursues this goal.
106
What is a multiethnic state?
A country with multiple ethnic groups in sizeable numbers.
107
What is a multinational state?
A type of multiethnic state where ethnic groups are concentrated in regions they control.
108
Define stateless nation.
A group with a shared cultural history that seeks a country but has failed to obtain statehood.
109
What is OPEC?
A group of oil-exporting countries created to control global oil prices.
110
What is sovereignty?
The ability and right of a state to control its internal affairs without outside interference.
111
What are the types of state shapes?
Types include: * Compact * Perforated * Prorupted * Fragmented * Elongated
112
What is supranationalism?
Voluntary cooperation of three or more states.
113
What is tribal sovereignty?
The ability of Indian reservations in the U.S. to govern themselves independently.
114
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Agreement between Spain and Portugal on the colonization of parts of the New World.
115
Define a unitary state.
A state where the central government holds most political power.
116
What is the United Nations (UN)?
The largest and most important international organization with various subordinate organizations.

AP Human Geography (2 decks)

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