Unit 3

Question 1

Categorization (categorical perception)

Answer 1

abrupt change in perception across the boundary (better at telling apart sounds that fall on either side of boundary than sounds on the same side)

Question 2

Discrimination advantage

Answer 2

can tell differences in sound more easily across boundary than within boundary

Question 3

Spoonerisms

Answer 3

an error in speech or deliberate play on words in which consonants

Question 4

Syntax

Answer 4

the rules according to which words can be combined; does not require meaning

Question 5

Mutual Exclusivity Assumption

Answer 5

“Hand me the mafer” - children ~15 months don’t know the word, so they hand over the unknown object. Reluctance to give known objects new names.

Question 6

Taxonomic Assumption

Answer 6

New words trigger taxonomic, not thematic, relations.

Question 7

Whole object assumption

Answer 7

Infants assume new words refer to entire objects; problems for learning object names.

Question 8

Executive Functions

Answer 8

Higher cognitive functions that allow people to perform flexible, adaptive, goal-directed behaviors.

Question 9

Rule

Answer 9

any distinct mapping between 2 or more stimuli and 2 more more responses

Question 10

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 10

rule guided behavior, working memory, organization and planning

Question 11

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 11

emotion processing, motivation and reward

Question 12

Perseveration Errors

Answer 12

repeatedly performing an action/strategy when it is no longer correct. (Ray-Lin and sorting task in video)

Question 13

Prepotent Response

Answer 13

Responses that are fast and automatic, because they are highly overlearned or rewarded in the past.

Question 14

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Answer 14

May serve to detect one’s own errors. Sensitive to response conflict

Question 15

Apraxia

Answer 15

impaired ability to perform single actions (severe), multiple action sequences (less severe). Results from damage to premotor cortex or parietal lobe.

Question 16

Utilization behavior

Answer 16

Prefrontal damage. Inability to inhibit prepotent responses to use an object; action is appropriate for the object, inappropriate for the context

Question 17

Alien Hand Syndrome

Answer 17

o Typically results from damage to supplementary motor area (SMA)
o Lesions of anterior corpus callosum (unintended behavior by non-dominant hand)
o Lesions of supplementary motor area (unintended behavior often by dominant hand)

Question 18

Fitness

Answer 18

measured by likelihood that a gene, trait or behavior will be represented in future generations

Question 19

Adaptation

Answer 19

an evolutionary process that selects some features of an organism, to improve fitness in the relevant environment

Question 20

Exaptation

Answer 20

A characteristic, previously shaped by natural selection for one function (an adaptation), is coopted for a new use – (e.g., feathers for warmth or flight, hand vs. bat wing)

Question 21

Homology

Answer 21

a structure, behavior or gene that has been retained from a common ancestor

Question 22

Homoplasy

Answer 22

structures that look similar but do not come from a common ancestral origin, due to convergent evolution (e.g., bat wing and fly wing)

Question 23

Theory of Mind

Answer 23

The ability to know and represent another’s mental state including their beliefs, goals, intentions, and emotional states

Question 24

Components of emotion

Answer 24

Physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

Question 25

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 25

Experience of emotion results from awareness of autonomic physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Question 26

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Answer 26

Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger physiological responses and subjective experience of emotion. (Cats sham rage experiment)

Question 27

Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Answer 27

Emotional experience requires both physiological arousal | and cognitive label of aroused state.

Question 28

Zygomatic Muscle

Answer 28

Voluntary component of smiles, muscle in cheeks.

Question 29

Orbicularis muscle

Answer 29

Involuntary component of smiles, muscle around eyes.

Question 30

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Answer 30

Bilateral lesions of medial temporal cortex including amygdala. Led to unusual tameness and lack of fear, hypersexual behavior, impaired object recognition.

Question 31

Patient S.M.

Answer 31

Bilateral amygdala damage; intact hippocampus. Impaired at recognizing fearful faces, experiences little/no fear.

Question 32

implicit association test:

Answer 32

presumed to measure the strengths of automatic associations with categories. Based on response times in a classification task, involving two separate types categorical judgments.

Question 33

Classical Conditioning

Answer 33

a conditioned stimulus is associated with reward (stimulus precedes response)

Question 34

Operant Conditioning

Answer 34

if the action/response precedes delivery of reinforce, that response becomes more frequent (response precedes stimulus)

Question 35

Mesolimbic Pathway Structures

Answer 35

Nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, projects to the basal ganglia, striatum, frontal cortex.

Question 36

Mesolimbic Pathway Functions

Answer 36

``` Reward/Salience Pleasure/Euphoria Motor function (fine tuning) Compulsion Perseveration ```

Question 37

Ventral Tegmental Area

Answer 37

DA neurons encode a reward prediction error, reflecting the difference between expected reward and actual reward. Serves as a learning signal for the frontal lobe and basal ganglia.

Question 38

Deficits from Orbitofrontal Damage

Answer 38

``` Change in personality Irresponsibility Lack of concern for present or future Reduced social awareness and empathy Lack of concern for social rules Impaired responses to emotional stimuli Sometimes leads to “Acquired sociopathy ```

Question 39

Major functions of the Orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 39

Encoding the "hedonic value" of stimuli Assigning learned values to stimuli based on their association with other +/- outcomes Updating value of a stimulus based on experience

Question 40

Ventromedial PFC input and connections

Answer 40

Activated by primary rewards input: 5 senses, especially olfactory and taste connect with amygdala, cingulate, insula, hippocampus

Question 41

Ventrolateral PFC

Answer 41

Activated by secondary/cognitive rewards

Question 42

Ventrolateral PFC damage

Answer 42

1. difficulty "updating the value" of a stimulus or stimulus-response/perseveration (poor reversal learning) 2. Impairments in social behavior 3. Impaired extinction learning

Question 43

Functions of DLPFC

Answer 43

1. Cognitive regulation of emotional responses | 2. Rational judgments and controlled rational behavior

Question 44

Emotion related brain areas (ventromedial PFC, ACC, amygdala) are more active for

Answer 44

1. Personal questions (pushing the man to save 5) | 2. Non-utilitarian than utilitarian decisions

Question 45

DLPFC is more active for

Answer 45

1. Impersonal questions (problem about the switch) | 2. Utilitarian decisions

Question 46

William's Syndrome

Answer 46

Low IQ (

Question 47

Specific Language Impairment

Answer 47

-- Disorder of gene FOXP2 -- Normal intelligence and intact hearing – Impaired speech and motor control, impaired comprehension of complex syntax – Impaired ability to repeat words and nonwords

Question 48

Mental Lexicon

Answer 48

Stores all word-specific info Relies on declarative, explicit memory system Relies on temporal lobe structures

Question 49

Rule-Based Grammar | System

Answer 49

Procedural knowledge of grammar rules for syntax and morphology Relies on procedural/implicit memory system Relies on prefrontal areas and basal ganglia

Question 50

Broca's Aphasia

Answer 50

Patients have difficulty speaking, even though | they can understand speech and can read

Question 51

Agrammatism

Answer 51

problems with both producing and comprehending complex grammatical constructions, especially function words

Question 52

Anomia

Answer 52

problems with finding words

Question 53

Articulation problems (dysarthria)

Answer 53

problems with pronunciation, slurred speech

Question 54

Paraphasic Errors

Answer 54

production of unintended syllables, words, or phrases during the effort to speak

Question 55

Wernicke's Aphasia

Answer 55

- Can speak fluent, articulate gibberish with normal prosody - Impaired language comprehension (Poor understanding of sentences/ words) - Cannot convert thoughts into coherent words and sentences

Question 56

Arcuate Fasciculus

Answer 56

Damage: conduction aphasia, impaired repetition (okay comprehension and speech production)