Unit 3

Question 1

pedogenesis

Answer 1

process of soil formation

Question 2

Soil horizons

Answer 2

O horizon: humus
A horizon: topsoil
E: transition
B: Subsoil
C: weathered bedrock
R: solid berock

Question 3

4 components of soil

Answer 3

25% water
25% air
5% organic matter
45% minerals: sand, silt, clay

Question 4

O horizon

Answer 4

organic layer, composed mainly of organic material. Top most layer.

Question 5

A horizon

Answer 5

also rick in organic matter, activities and remains of organic matter help create this layer. most plant roots restricted here.

Question 6

E horizon

Answer 6

formed by eluviation and Leaching by rain water. lighter in colour and a transition zone between topsoil and beadrock

Question 7

B horizon

Answer 7

transported clay and chemicals deposited. high concentrations of aluminum, iron and clay

Question 8

C horizon

Answer 8

unconsolidated weathered rock, little to no organic matter.

Question 9

R horizon

Answer 9

mostly solid weathered bedrock.

Question 10

Soil formation factors

Answer 10

climate (warm+wet=faster)
parent material
time
organisms
topography and moisture

Question 11

weather

Answer 11

state of the atmosphere at any given moment and comprises ever-changing events on time scales ranging from minutes to weeks.

Question 12

climate

Answer 12

long term average of weather and the average frequency of extreme weather events

Question 13

Biome

Answer 13

extensive geographic region with relatively uniform vegetation structute

Question 14

gulf stream

Answer 14

warm current, discovered by Benjamin Franklin, deputy postmaster.

Question 15

Humboldt current

Answer 15

cold current: (El Nino) Philippines-Galapagos

Question 16

6 types of climates

Answer 16

tropical
dry
mild mid-latitude
severe mid-latitude 
polar
highlands

Question 17

species

Answer 17

populations that can interbreed

Question 18

geographical scales

Answer 18

(large scale) individuals –> populations –> communities and ecosystems –> Biomes –> biosphere (small scale)

Question 19

soil differences in the tropics

Answer 19

the amazon has poor quality soil due to leeching from rain, where Indonesia has rich soil due to volcanoes.

Question 20

Anthropocene

Answer 20

the age of human transformation of Earths physical systems (1800)

Question 21

First life evolution

Answer 21

3.5 billion. bacteria, cyanobacteria

Question 22

ocean light penetration depth

Answer 22

250m (blue light)

Question 23

gyre

Answer 23

larger circular ocean current

Question 24

2 kinds of ocean currents

Answer 24

1> surface currents caused by wind

2. deep ocean currents, driven by different water density

Question 25

major topographical features of the sea floor

Answer 25

mountain ranges, ocean plains, deep sea trenches, continental shelf

Question 26

two types of choral

Answer 26

cold water (all latitudes, great depths) and warm water(surface of tropics)

Question 27

three kinds of choral reefs

Answer 27

fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll

Question 28

phytoplankton

Answer 28

microscopic algae. marine ecosystems rely on them to convert solar energy to chemical energy that all other marine life needs. produces 70% of earths oxygen.

Question 29

biogeography

Answer 29

branch of geography that studies the distribution of life. "where life lives"

Question 30

biodiversity

Answer 30

of living species in a specified region

Question 31

bioflorescence | bioluminescence

Answer 31

bioflorescence: needs light to produce light bioluminescence: produces its own light

Question 32

kelp forest threats

Answer 32

``` pollution and sediment runoff ocean warming removal of keystone species invasive species harvesting ```

Question 33

three ways to organize a biosphere

Answer 33

the spatial geography hierarchy the taxonomic hierarchy (evolution) the tropic hierarchy (energy)

Question 34

homologous traits

Answer 34

came from the same thing

Question 35

Analogous traits

Answer 35

does the same thing

Question 36

two types of succession

Answer 36

primary: no life beforehand secondary: previously existing life

Question 37

niche

Answer 37

the resources and environmental conditions that a species requires

Question 38

habitat

Answer 38

the physical environment in which an organism lives

Question 39

endemic

Answer 39

a species restricted to one geographical area

Question 40

physical limiting factors

Answer 40

light temperature water

Question 41

biological limiting factors

Answer 41

predation competition mutualism