Unit 3

Question 1

What does the body need to get supplies to the cells and remove the waste material they produce?

Answer 1

A transport system which is the function of the blood circulation system.

Question 2

What are the three components of your blood circulation system?

Answer 2

Blood vessels (pipes), the heart (pump) and the liquid (the blood).

Question 3

How many circulation systems does your body have?

Answer 3

2

Question 4

What does your first circulation system do?

Answer 4

Carry blood to your lungs and back.

Question 5

What does your second circulation do?

Answer 5

Carries around your blood around the rest of your body and back again to the heart.

Question 6

Why is the blood circulation system very efficient?

Answer 6

Fully oxygenated blood returns to heart from lungs. Blood can then be sent off to different parts of the body at high pressure so more areas of your body can receive oxygenated blood very quickly.

Question 7

In your circulatory system, what carries blood away from your heart to the organs of your body?

Answer 7

The arteries.

Question 8

In your circulatory system, how does blood return to your heart from the organs of your body?

Answer 8

By the veins.

Question 9

What are the walls of your heart made up of?

Answer 9

Muscle.

Question 10

How is the heart supplied with oxygen?

Answer 10

By coronary arteries.

Question 11

How many sides does the human heart have?

Answer 11

2, which fill and empty at the same time.

Question 12

Where is the atria?

Answer 12

The top chambers of your heart where blood first enters.

Question 13

What does the vena cava do?

Answer 13

Brings deoxygenated blood from your body into the right atrium.

Question 14

What does the pulmonary vein do?

Answer 14

Brings oxygenated blood from your lungs into your left atrium.

Question 15

How is blood forced down onto the ventricles?

Answer 15

By the atria contracting.

Question 16

What do ventricles do?

Answer 16

Pump blood out of the heart.

Question 17

How is deoxygenated blood forced out of the heart?

Answer 17

Right ventricle forces the blood to the lungs in the pulmonary artery.

Question 18

How is oxygenated blood taken away from the heart?

Answer 18

Left ventricle pumps the blood around the body via the aorta (big artery).

Question 19

What does the kidneys do?

Answer 19

Get rid of toxic waste such as urea and adjust the amount of the dissolved ions and water in the blood.

Question 20

What are the filtration units in the kidneys called?

Answer 20

Nephrons.

Question 21

What is the first step in filtration using the kidneys?

Answer 21

High pressure is built up which squeezes water, urea, ions and sugar out of the blood and into the Bowman’s capsule. Membranes between blood vessels and the Bowman’s capsule act like filters so big molecules are not squeezed out like protein and blood cells which stay in the blood.

Question 22

What is the second step in filtration using kidneys?

Answer 22

Liquid flows along nephron and useful substances are reabsorped back into the blood.

Question 23

What is absorbed back into the blood after ultrafiltration?

Answer 23

All sugar via active transport.
Sufficient ions via active transport.
Sufficient water.

Question 24

What is the third step in filtration using the kidneys?

Answer 24

Remaining substances such as urea travel out of the nephron into ureter and down to bladder as urine.

Question 25

What does it mean to have kidney failure?

Answer 25

Kidneys don't remove waste substances from the blood.

Question 26

What happens if your kidneys do not work properly?

Answer 26

Waste substances build up in the blood and you lose your ability to control the levels of ions and water in your blood.

Question 27

What are the treatment options for those with kidney failure?

Answer 27

Kept alive by dialysis or they can have a kidney transplant.

Question 28

Why does dialysis have to be done regularly?

Answer 28

To keep the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood at normal levels and remove waste substances.

Question 29

What happens in a dialysis machine?

Answer 29

The persons blood flows alongside a selectively permeable barrier surrounded by dialysis fluid.

Question 30

What is the selectively permeable barrier permeable to in a dialysis machine?

Answer 30

Ions and waste substances but not to large molecules like proteins or blood cells- just like membranes in kidney.

Question 31

What does the dialysis fluid have the same concentration as?

Answer 31

Dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood.

Question 32

Why is it important the dialysis fluid has the same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood?

Answer 32

It means useful dissolved ions and glucose won't be lost from blood firing dialysis.

Question 33

What is the only thing that can diffuse across the semi permeable barrier in a dialysis machine?

Answer 33

Waste substances such as urea and excess ions and water.

Question 34

How often does dialysis need to be done?

Answer 34

Three times a week, 3-4 hours.

Question 35

What may dialysis cause?

Answer 35

Blood clots or infections.

Question 36

What is the only cure for kidney disease?

Answer 36

Kidney transplant.

Question 37

Who are healthy kidneys normally transplanted from?

Answer 37

People who have died suddenly such as in a car accident, are on the organ donor register or carry a donor card.

Question 38

How else can we get a kidney transplant if not from people who have died?

Answer 38

By those who are alive as we have 2.

Question 39

What are the problems of kidney transplants?

Answer 39

Donor kidney can be rejected by the patients immune system, foreign antigens on the kidney are attacked by the patients antibodies.

Question 40

How can rejection of a kidney be prevented?

Answer 40

Donor with tissue type that closely matches the patient is chosen or the patient is treated with drugs that suppress the immune system so their immune system won't attack the kidney.

Question 41

What is tissue type based on?

Answer 41

Antigens which are proteins on the surface of most cells.

Question 42

What are the disadvantages of dialysis?

Answer 42

Kidney dialysis machines are expensive. | Not a pleasant experience.

Question 43

What are the advantages of dialysis?

Answer 43

Keep you alive while waiting for a transplant.

Question 44

What are the advantages of kidney transplants?

Answer 44

Cheaper can put an end to hours spent on dialysis machines.

Question 45

What are the disadvantages of kidney transplants?

Answer 45

Long waiting lists. Person is more vulnerable to illness from immunosuppressant drugs. Chance it will be rejected.

Question 46

What is the kidneys role in homeostasis?

Answer 46

Adjustment of water content.

Question 47

What are three ways water is lost from the body?

Answer 47

Urine, sweat and air we breathe out.

Question 48

How does the body balance water?

Answer 48

Liquids consumed between the amount sweated out and the amount excreted by our kidneys in urine.

Question 49

What does the kidneys have to constantly balance?

Answer 49

Water coming in against water going out.