Unit 3

Question 1

Name 3 types of blood vessels

Answer 1

Arteries
Capillaries the smallest vessels which exchange substances with body tissues
Veins: carry blood back to the heart

Question 2

What type of blood vessels are affected by atherosclerosis

Answer 2

arteries

Question 3

Name the layers of the arterial wall

Answer 3

lumen
endothelium 
Tunica intima 
Tunica media 
Tunica adventitious

Question 4

Function of the endothelium

Answer 4

The endothelium cell within the endothelium work to maintain a surface that does not allow
abnormal clots to formally only clotting when local injury occur

Question 5

Endothelium dysfunction contributes to..

Answer 5

Abnormal development of atheromas (plaque) and of blood clots (thrombi) both of which will reduce the supply of oxygenated blood to the organs

Question 6

Arteriosclerosis is defined as

Answer 6

A group of diseases characterised by the thickening and loss of elasticity

Question 7

Define Atherosclerosis

Answer 7

Defined as a chronic inflammatory response to the accumulation of the lipids in the arteries

Question 8

Plaque is composed of?

Answer 8

callogen 
calcium 
lipids (cholesterol and cholesterol esters)
cell debris 
smooth muscle cells
core covered by a white fibrous cap

Question 9

Plaques can only be found in these arteries

Answer 9

coronary arteries
carotid and vertebral arteries
peripheral arteries
renal arteries

Question 10

A clott that stays in place is called?

Answer 10

thrombus

Question 11

A clot that breaks away is called?

Answer 11

embolus

Question 12

ischaemia?

Answer 12

insufficient oxygen supply

Question 13

Causes the development of endothelium injury or dysfunction

Answer 13

elevated levels in the body of
LDL
non-HDL
apo-B

Question 14

What is ACS (acute coronary syndrome)

Answer 14

STEMI
NSTEMI
Unstable angina

Question 15

Coagulation Cascade

Answer 15

1 Injury ruptures blood vessels
2 platelets stick to each other and collagen fibres forming a plug. Blood loss is reduced.
3 fibrin forms a mesh work that traps cells and platelets forming a clot that seals the wound

Question 16

Fibrinolysis

Answer 16

an enzyme that helps digest and erode the clot

Question 17

what is stable angina

Answer 17

Chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia that occurs in response to increased myocardial oxygen demands such as excerise emotional stress or excitement

Question 18

Tests to confirm ACS

Answer 18

ECG

blood tests that evaluate cardiac biomarkers

Question 19

P-QRS-T wave on an ECG

Answer 19

P wave = electrical activity during arterial contraction
QRS was wondering = ventricular contraction
T wave = ventricular relaxation

Question 20

Name the biomarkers to diagnose acute MI

Answer 20

troponin I or T
are enzymes in the body that elevated with cardiac muscle death
Troponin is considered to be the most sensitive and may show within 3-4 hrs after onset of symptoms.

Question 21

When should Troponin test be done after an MI

Answer 21

asap and 10-12 hrs after the event

Question 22

What does a STEMI indicate

Answer 22

acute event in which the thrombus or embolus has totally occluded or blocked the coronary blood vessels that feed a particular section of the heart causing cell death in the section

Question 23

Unstable angina and NSTEMI

Answer 23

Conditions in which the thrombus partially occludes or temporarily blocks the coronary blood vessels feeding a particular area of the heart

Question 24

NSTEMI vs UA

Answer 24

Elevated troponin are considered positive for an NSTEMI and a negative or.not elevated biomarker are more indicative of UA

Question 25

Stroke vs TIA

Answer 25

TIA symptoms are less then 60 mins | Stroke symptoms are for more then 60 mins

Question 26

Define Stroke

Answer 26

A blockage in the blood supply to the brain due to embolism or thrombosis or A bleed in the brain

Question 27

Ischaemia stroke

Answer 27

``` There are 2 broad types in which a clot known as a thrombus(stationary clot) or an embolus ( moving clot that lodges) blocks supply of blood to the brain and haemorrhagic stroke in which there is a bleed Over 86% are ischaemic ```

Question 28

Modifiable risk factors that contribute to ASCVD

Answer 28

``` Any of the following dyslipidaemias (lipid abnormalities) high LDL high levels of small LDL particles Triglycerides Lp (a) TC Apo Bennett None HDL-C ```

Question 29

None lipid modifiable risk factors

Answer 29

``` smoking Hypertension Obesity Physical inactivity diet ```

Question 30

Acquired risk factors that contribute to ASCVD

Answer 30

Diabetes high levels of inflammatory markers hs-CRP Thrombogenic factors CKD

Question 31

LDL calculation

Answer 31

LDL = TC- HDL-C +TG/2.2 mmol/l | This formula cannot be used if TG level exceed 4.5mmol/l

Question 32

Elevation in non HDL-C is considered to be a risk factor in the development of ASCVD Non HDL-C is composed of...

Answer 32

``` intermediate IDL VLDL VLDL remnants LDL chylomicrons remnants Lp-a ```

Question 33

Hypertension

Answer 33

blood pressure higher than 140/90

Question 34

Major risk factors for ASCVD

Answer 34

``` Age Family history smoking High blood pressure low HDL-C ```

Question 35

What role does HDL-C play

Answer 35

it plays a reverse role in cholesterol transport, the return of cholesterol to the liver where it can be excreted. Low levels of HDL-C is associated with higher incidence of coronary artery disease