Unit 3

Question 1

Properties of connective tissues (4)

Answer 1

1. most abundant tissue in the body, large variety of shapes and functions.
2. not exposed to outside environment
3. consist of specialized cells - extracellular protein fibers and ground substance make up the matrix. Ground substance consists of water, proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. clear and gelatinous.
4. cells are suspended in the matrix, namely fibroblasts and melanocytes.

Question 2

Functions of CT (6)

Answer 2

1. structural framework of the body (bones).
2. transport fluids and dissolved material. (blood)
3. protect organs (bones).
4. support, surround, and connect other tissues (bones).
5. store energy reserves (lipids).
6. defend body from invading microorganism. (lymph)

Question 3

connective tissue proper

Answer 3

many types of cells and extracellular fibers in syrupy ground substance
CONNECTION AND PROTECTION.
2 types - loose (adipose)
dense (tendons)

Question 4

fluid CT

Answer 4

specific groups of cells suspended in a watery matrix.
TRANSPORTATION.
types - blood and lymph

Question 5

supporting CT

Answer 5

Fewer types of cells suspended in a matrix densely packed with fibers.
STRUCTURAL STRENGTH.
types - cartilage, bone.

Question 6

permanent residents of CT

Answer 6

fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells.

MAINTAIN, REPAIR, AND STORE ENERGY.

Question 7

migrating cells in CT

Answer 7

macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes.

AGGREGATE AT SITES OF INJURY.

Question 8

fibroblasts

Answer 8

most abundant and always present.
start shaped.
produce fibers (collagen, reticular, & elastic) and proteoglycans for ground substance.

Question 9

collagen

Answer 9

the most abundant protein in humans.

Question 10

macrophages

Answer 10

phagocytic cells that make up the first line of defense for the immune system.
migrate around engulfing bacteria, foreign particles, dead or dying cells.

Question 11

fixed macrophages

Answer 11

stay within tissue

Question 12

free macrophages

Answer 12

migrate through tissue

Question 13

adipocytes

Answer 13

fat cells

store lipids

Question 14

mesenchymal cells

Answer 14

stem cells that form fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, etc.

Question 15

melanocytes

Answer 15

synthesize and store melanin.

Question 16

mast cells

Answer 16

found near blood vessel
contain histamine (increases blood flow)
also contains heparin (prevents blood clotting)
released following injury and lead to inflammation

Question 17

lymphocytes

Answer 17

immune system cells

develop into plasma cells which produce antibodies,

Question 18

collagen fibers

Answer 18

long, straight, unbranched.
most common
flexible yet stronger than steel when pulled from ends
occurs in TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, BONES, ETC.

Question 19

reticular fibers

Answer 19

reticulum = network
similar to collagen in composition but form thin, branching networks.
tough but flexible.
cells, blood vessels, and nerves stabilized within them.

Question 20

elastic fibers

Answer 20

contain the protein elastin
very thin
branched and wavy fibers
flexible, stretchable.
found BETWEEN VERTEBRAE.

Question 21

ground substance

Answer 21

fills space between cells and surrounding CT fibers.
Contains proteoglycans and glycoproteins - gives it a clear, colorless, viscous appearance.
Pathogens move slowly through it, allows phagocytes to catch up and destroy them.

Question 22

CT proper - loose CT

Answer 22

distributed throughout the body as a binding and packing material, irregular arrangement of fibers allows for flexibility ands stretch in multiple directions.
ORGANS, VESSELS, NERVES.

Question 23

CT proper - loose CT Areolar

Answer 23

mostly ground substance
contains elastic fiber, resilient to distortions
loosely organized tissue
many blood vessels, good for injections
UNDER SKIN

Question 24

ct proper - loose CT

Adipose

Answer 24

adipocytes contain large droplet of lipid

absorbs shock, pads, insulates.

Question 25

ct proper - loose ct | reticular

Answer 25

fibrous supporting framework | spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, lots of blood cells.

Question 26

dense ct

Answer 26

contains numerous tightly packed fibers, mostly collagen, few blood vessels, slow to heal.

Question 27

dense regular ct

Answer 27

fibers run parallel to each other and align with the forces applied to the area contain many fibroblasts. tendons & ligaments.

Question 28

dense irregular ct

Answer 28

web of fibers with no specific pattern provides strength to resist forces applied from multiple directions forms protective sheath around cartilage and bone, capsule over some organs, encloses joints

Question 29

elastic tissue

Answer 29

densely packed collagen fibers along with elastic fibers and fibroblasts. walls of large blood vessels, ligaments between vertebrae and penis

Question 30

fluid CT (2)

Answer 30

blood lymph - interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels; important in maintaining blood volume, role in immune system monitoring and essential for maintenance of homeostasis

Question 31

cartilage

Answer 31

a. – firm gel that contains chondroitin sulfates; somewhat flexible yet strong; avascular (antiangiogenesis factor prevents blood vessel entry into cartilage); no blood flow – does not heal well i. chondrocytes – cartilage cells ii. lacunae – chambers that the chondrocytes occupy perichondrium – protect

Question 32

hyaline cartilage

Answer 32

covered by perchondrium, closely packed collagen fibers; connections between ribs and sternum, in synovial joints, nasal cartilage, larynx, bronchi.

Question 33

elastic cartilage

Answer 33

mostly elastic fibers; extremely flexible; ear, epiglottis

Question 34

fibrocartilage

Answer 34

little ground substance, mostly collagen fibers in matrix; extremely tough; pads between vertebrate, some joints (knee)

Question 35

Bone

Answer 35

little ground substance; the matrix is calcified, mostly calcium salts, calcium phosphate and collagen; very hard, strong yet somewhat flexible; vascular; heals quickly

Question 36

osteocytes

Answer 36

bone cells

Question 37

lacunae

Answer 37

chambers that osteocytes occupy

Question 38

canaliculi

Answer 38

canals that connect osteocytes to blood vessels and to one another

Question 39

periosteum

Answer 39

. fibrous sheath (dense irregular connective tissue on outside) 2. cellular layer (on inside) that protects bones except in joint areas

Question 40

Fasciae – connective tissue layers (3)

Answer 40

i. adipose tissue; also called the subcutaneous layer; subcutaneous injections. ii. deep fascia: dense irregular connective tissue; fibers in each layer run in different directions to increase strength; bound to the capsules surrounding organs, tendons, ligaments subserous fascia: areolar tissue between deep fascia and serous membranes;

Question 41

scurvy

Answer 41

Vitamin C deficiency: As an anitoxidant vitamin C’s primary role is to neutralize free radicals (an atom that has an unpaired electron in its outer orbital) by donating electrons

Question 42

symptoms of scurvy

Answer 42

Scurvy is characterized by the degeneration of connective tissue, which leads to weakness and joint pain. The symptoms of scurvy are more pronounced in areas where collagen turnover takes place at a faster rate. The periodontal ligament that holds teeth in their sockets is such an area, and thus the symptoms of loose teeth. Lack of collagen also leads to the breakdown of the walls of the capillaries (blood vessels are very susceptible to lack of vitamin C), resulting in internal hemorrhaging and black-and-blue marks on the body, and even pathological fractures may occur.

Question 43

functions of muscle tissue

Answer 43

movement and heat

Question 44

skeletal muscle

Answer 44

long cells with multiple nuclei striated voluntary

Question 45

cardiac tissue

Answer 45

shorter cells than skeletal striated intercalated discs involuntary

Question 46

smooth tissue

Answer 46

spindle-shaped no striations involuntary

Question 47

nervous tissue

Answer 47

Specialized for conducting electrical impulse from one regain of the body to another. Two basis cell types: neurons (signal conducting cells), and neuroglia (support cells). Most neurons cannot divide, limited repair ability. Single nucleus cell body, with many branching process called dendrites (receives impulse from other neurons) and one axon (conducts impulse to other cells).