Unit 3 Flashcards by Jackie Jimenez

What is the difference between an aldose and a ketose?

An aldose contains an aldehyde functionality

A Ketose contains a ketone functionality

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What is the formula for Carbohydrates?

Cn(H2O)n

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What are 3 functions that carbohydrates fulfill?

Energy source and energy storage

Structural component of cell walls and exoskeletons

Informational molecules in cell-cell signaling

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Carbohydrates can be _________ linked with proteins to form glycoproteins and proteoglycans

Covalently

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_____ have the same chemical formula but different structures

Isomers

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________ are stereoisomers that are not mirror images and have different physical properties

Diastereomers

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______ are two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom

Epimers

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Mannose is an ______ of glucose at carbon ____

Epimer; Carbon 2

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galactose is an _______ at Carbon ______

Epimer; Carbon 4

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______ is the standard five carbon sugar

_______ is the standard 6 carbon sugar

Ribose

Glucose

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Fructose is a _______ form of glucose

Ketose

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Galactose is an ______ of glucose

Mannose is an ______ of glucose

Epimer

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7 examples of aldose 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C3- molecule)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C4)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(C5)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C5)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(C6)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(C6)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(C6)

Glyceraldehyde (C3)
Erythrose (C4)
Ribose (C5)
Deoxyribose (C5)
Glucose (C6)
Galactose (C6)
Mannose (C6)

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What are the examples of ketoses 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C3)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C5)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C5)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C6)
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (C7)

Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) (C3)
Ribulose (C5)
Xylulose (C5)
Fructose (C6)
Sedoheptulose (C7)

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Aldehyde and ketone carbons are ________

Electrophilic

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Alcohol oxygen atom is ________

Nucleophilic

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When aldehydes are attacked by alcohols, _______ form

Hemiacetals

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When ketones are attacked by alcohols, ______ form

Hemiketals

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Cyclization of sugar forms _______

Anomers

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Aldosugar anomers differ at Carbon ______ while ketoanomers differ at Carbon _______

One; Two

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What are six members oxygen-containing rings called?

Pyranoses

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What are five membered oxygen containing rings called?

Furanoses

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What carbon is involved in cyclization of glucose?

Carbon 2

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What test allows detection of reducing sugars such as glucose?

The Fehlings test

And the tollens test

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Are there carriers for sugar phosphates in plasma membrane of cells?

_______ makes sugars anionic

Phosphorylation

What are key intermediates in energy generation and biosynthesis?

Phosphorylated sugars

Two sugar molecules can be joined via a ________ bond

Glycosidic bond

A glycosidic bond forms between an _______ carbon and a _______ carbon

Anomeric carbon and a hydroxyl carbon

The glycosidic bond between monomers is _____ reactive than the hemiacetal at the second monomer

Less reactive

The condensation of two glucose molecules occurs between carbon _____ and carbon _____ and forms a disaccharide called ________

Carbon 1 and 4 Maltose

What are the nonreducing disaccharides?

Lactose Sucrose Trehalose

What is an example of a reducing disaccharide?

Maltose

There are no ______ _____ in a nonreducing sugar

No reducing ends

Two sugar molecules joined via a glycosidic bond between two anomeric carbons results in ______

nonreducing disaccharides

The anomeric carbon involved in the glycosidic linkage is _______

Nonreducing

What are examples of how polysaccharides can be found?

Homopolysaccharides, heteropolysaccharides Linear Branched

______ is a branched homopolysaccharide of glucose

Glycogen

What is the linkage formed between glucose monomers in a glycogen chain?

Alpha 1,4 linkages

At the branch points in glycogen, what are the linkages?

Alpha-1,6

Branch points form every ____ to _____ residues with an alpha1,6 linkage.

8-12

______ functions as the main storage polysaccharide in animals

Glycogen

______ is a mixture of two homopolysaccharides of glucose

Starch

_____ is an unbranched polymer of alpha 1,4 linkages of starch

Amylose

________ is branched like glycogen by the branch points with alpha 1,6 occur every 24-30 residues

Amylopectin

______ is the main storage polysaccharide in plants

Starch

What are the 5 effects of branching in polysaccharides?

Increase solubility Can be more rapidly synthesized Can be more rapidly degraded Can potentially elevate blood glucose more rapidly Have better gelling properties (cooking and food properties)

________ linkages in starch and glycogen produces a hollow helix suitable to the formation of a compact, accessible store of glucose

Alpha 1,4 linkages

What are the monomers of lactose?

Glucose and galactose

What are the monomers of sucrose?

Glucose and fructose

Glycogen and starch often form _____ in cells

Granules

The granules in glycogen and starch contain what?

Enzymes that synthesize and degrade these polymers

Glycogen and amylopectin have ____ reducing end(s) but _______ nonreducing end(s)

One; many

_______ is a homopolysaccharide of glucose

Cellulose

In cellulose glucose monomers form ______ linked chains

Beta 1,4

In cellulose, _____ bonds form between adjacent monomers

H bonds

_____ is most abundant polysaccharide in nature

Cellulose

_______ is a linear homopolysaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine

Chitin

What are the monomers that form a beta 1,4 linkage in chitin?

N-acetylglucosamine

The N-acetylglucosmaine monomers form ______ linked chains

Beta 1,4

______ forms extended fibers that are similar to those of cellulose

Chitin

Where is chitin found?

In cell walks in mushrooms, and in exoskeletons of insects, spiders, crabs and other Arthropods

_______ is a complex mixture of heteropolysaccharides containing modified galactose units.

Agar

_____ solutions form gels that are commonly used in the lab for separation DNA by electrophoresis

Agarose

______ and ______ prevent blood clotting by activating protease inhibitor antithrombin

Heparin and Heparan Sulfate

What regulates development and formaiton of blood vessels when binding to various cells?

Heparin and Heparan sulfate

Carbohydrates can be linked to proteins to form a ___________

Glycoprotein

What are the 3 main classes of glycoproteins?

Glycoproteins Proteoglycans Mucins or mucoproteins

__________, A protein with small oligosaccharides attached

Glycoprotein

_______ play a role in protein-protein recognition

Carbohydrates

In glycoproteins, carbohydrate is attaches via its ______ carbon

Anomeric

Erythropoietin is a _________ hormone in the blood serum that has dramatically improved treatment for anemia.

Glycoprotein hormone

In proteoglycans, the protein is attached to a particular type of polysaccharide called _________

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

What are the functions of proteoglycans?

Function as lubricants and structural components in CT | They also mediate the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix and bind factors that stimulate cell proliferation

________ are linear polymers of repeating disaccharide units

Glycosaminoglycans

One monomer is acetylated amino sugar ______________ or____________

N acetyl-glucosamine Or N- acetyl-galactosamine

Other monomer is a negatively charged/ acidic sugar ________ or _______

Ironic acids (C6 oxidation) or sulfate esters

__________ are extended hydrated molecules that minimize charge repulsion

Glycosaminoglycans

_________ forms meshwork with fibrous proteins to form extracellular matrix

Glycosaminoglycans

Describe the relaxed state of glycosaminoglycans

Negative charged residues in GAGS repel each other and are surrounded by a shell of water

___________ chains have slippery consistency

Heteropolysaccharide

Describe the compressed state of glycosaminoglycans

Removal of water | GAGs become smaller

________ and ______ form huge noncovalent proteoglycan aggregates

Hyaluronan and aggrecan

________ _______ hold lots of water and provides lubrication

Proteoglycan aggregates

________ covers joint surfaces like articular cartilage and results in reduced friction and load balancing

Proteoglycan aggregates

What are the key components of collagen?

Aggrecan and collagen protein

_______ provides structure and tensile strength (some hydration) where as ______ serves as a shock absorber by being highly hydrated

Collagen; aggrecan

________ can cushion comprehensive forces because the absorbed water enables it to spring back after being deformed

Aggrecan

What results from the proteolytic degradation of aggrecan and collagen in the cartilage?

Osteoarthritis

What are the main components of the extracellular matrix?

Proteoglycan aggregates Collagen fibers Elastic

ECM in cartilage imparts ________ and _________ properties

Biomechanical and hydraulic

________ acts as a barrier to invasive tumor cells and pathogens

Exctracellular matrix

What is the material outside the cell that is the strength, elasticity and physical barrier in tissues?

ECM

__________, integral membrane proteins are proteoglycans

Syndecans

_______, integral membrane proteins are receptors for extracellular proteoglycans

Integrins

_________ and ________ link cytoskeleton to the ECM and transmit signals into the cell to regulate cell growth, mobility, apoptosis, wound healing.

Syndecans and Integrins

What are the two types of oligosaccharides linkages in glycoproteins?

O-linkage and N-linkage

What are the two amino acids involved in the O-linkage that is important in ABO blood group determinants

Serine or threonine

What amino acid is involved in N- linkages of oligosaccharide linkages in glycoproteins?

Asparagine

Oligosaccharides are important in _______

Recognition

In mucins, the protein component is extensively glycoyslated to ______ or _____ residues by N-acetylgalactosamine

Serine or threonine

Mucins can form large polymeric structures and are common in mucus secretions such as ________

Saliva

_________ adhere to epithelial cells and act as a protective barrier; also hydrate the underlining cells

Mucins

Mucins are over expressed in ______ and _______ and ___________

Bronchitis Cystic fibrosis Adenocarcinomas

Alpha amylase: Where is it produced? Substrate Linkage

Produced in saliva and pancreas Substrate: starch Linkage: alpha 1,4

Maltose is active in the ________ and produces _______ with an _______ linkage

Small intestine; 2 glucoses, alpha 1,4

Invertase acts on _______ to produce glucose and fructose with an ________ linkage

Sucrose; (alpha 1,2 linkage)

Lactase or Beta-galactosidase acts on ______ to produce glucose and galactose with a ________ linkage

Lactose; beta 1,4

_________ important in dietary glucose and galactose absorption

Na-glucose symporter (SGS) or transporter (SGT)

_______ important in dietary fructose absorption and release

GLUT5

________ is important in dietary glucose and galactose RELEASE

GLUT2

________ are organic molecules that are characterized by low solubility in water and are relatively hydrophobic

Lipids

Glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose are ______ and have the same molecular formula of _____

Isomers; C6H12O6

When sugars are reduced what does the aldehyde group result in?

Carboxylic acid group. Aldehyde is oxidized to carboxylic acid

What are examples of glycosaminoglycans?

``` Chondroitin 6-sulfate Keratin sulfate Heparin Dermatan sulfate Hyaluronate ```

What is the core protein in proteoglycan aggregates what is important in preventing osteoarthritis?

Aggrecan

What are the biological functions of lipids?

``` Storage of energy Insulation from environment Water repellent Membrane structure Cofactors for enzymes Signaling molecules Pigments Antioxidants ```

________ are carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains containing between 4 to 36 carbons

Fatty acids

Almost all natural FA have an _____ number of carbons and are __________

Even; unbranched

_____ FA has no double bonds between carbons in the chain

Saturated

_______ FA have one double bond between carbons in the alkyl chain

Monounsaturated

Short chain FA: ___-_____ Carbons Medium chain FA ___-____ carbons Long chain FA:___-____ carbons Very long chain FA: greater than ___ carbons

Short chain 2-4 Carbons Medium chain: 6-12 carbons Long chain FA: 14-20 Very long chain FA: greater than 22 C

When reading the nomenclature how can you tell the number carbons and double bonds in linoleic acid 18:2 (9,12)?

18= number of carbons :2 talks about the number of bonds (9,12) locations of the double bonds

The first carbon is the _______ carbon, the next one is the ______ carbon and the last one is called the _____ carbon that is a part of of the methyl Carbon

Carboxyl; alpha; omega

What are the essential fatty acids?

Linoleate (C18:2) | Linolenate (C18:3)

What are the precursors of eicosanoids?

Essential Fatty acids | (Linoleate and linolenate

________ is an omega 3 FA that is known as cardioprotective

Alpha-linolenate

What is the essential FA that is classified as an omega 6 FA and is a precursor to arachidonic acid?

Linoleic acid

________ chain of FA tends to adopt extended conformations

Saturated

The double bonds in natural unsaturated FA are commonly in _____ conformation, which kinks the chain

Cis

__________ ____ FA have a lower melting point

Unsaturated cis FA

Long chain FA contain at least _____ carbons.

12 carbons

________ FA are most common in cells

Long chain FA

_______ FA are sold at room temp and a melting point at _______

Saturated; 70 degrees C

_______ long chain FA are liquid at room temperature and have a melting point at ______

Unsaturated | 13 degrees Celsius

_______ melting points are even lower

PolyUnsaturated LC FA

The ________ are polyunsaturated

Essential FA

How do trans fatty acids form?

By partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated FA

A _____ double bond allows a given FA to adopt an extended conformation

Trans

Trans FA can pack more regularly and show _____ melting points than cis forms

Higher

Consuming ______ fats increases the risk of cardiovascular disease

Trans

Free fatty acids: _______ FA

Unesterified

What are the storage lipids?

TAGs (triacylglycerols)

Membrane lipid examples (2):

Phospholipids | Glycolipids

Phospholipids: - glycerophospholipids (GPL): ________ backbone - sphingolipid (SPL): _________ backbone

Glycerol backbone | Sphingosine backbone

What are examples of glycolipids (sugar containing lipids)

Cerebroside Globosides Gangliosides

What are examples of Cerebroside?

Lipid containing glucose or galactose

What are examples of Globosides?

Lipids containing Di, Tri-tetrasaccharide

What are gangliosides?

Lipids with seven sugar residues (oligosaccharides)

What are the components of steroids

Steroid nucleus or the tetracycline ring

Cholesterol: a steroid with ______ functional group

Alcohol With a tetracyclic ring

In biological systems, what is the form the majority of FA found in?

Unit 3 Flashcards

(233 cards)