Unit 3 Flashcards by Latisha De'Bose

Mitochondrial mutations affect some tissues more than others. Why?

Which is more affected?

higher/lower energy requirements

Cells with the higher need

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Edema is _____ of fluid in the _______ spaces.

Accumulation

Interstitial

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Effusion is accumulation of fluid in

Body cavities

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Edema may be ____ or ____. Severe systemic edema is called _____.

Localized
Systemic
Anasarca

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Edema can be divided into 2 groups:
A. Non-inflammatory : _____ - altered ____ gradient
B. Inflammatory: due to increased ____ _____ usually from inflammation. It can also be seen in ____ endothelial _____ (burns, sepsis).

A. Transudate, pressure 
B. Exudate
vascular permeability 
diffuse 
injury

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Edema Transudate
a. Protein -
B. Cells -
C. Glucose -

A. Low
B. Few or none
C. ~ = Plasma

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Edema Exudate
a. Protein -
B. Cells -
C. Glucose -

A. High
B. Increased numbers
C. &laquo_space;Plasma

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Examples of protein

Albumin,
Globulins 36%,
Fribrinogin 4%

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Non inflammatory edema type

Transudate

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Inflammatory edema type

Exudate

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Non-inflammatory edema results from Altered ______ or _____.

INTRA-vascular hydrostatic

Osmotic pressure

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What is the most common cause of systemic edema. Caused by _____ venous pressure due to _____ failure.

CHF
Increased
Pump

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Right sided failure starts with

Peripheral edema

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Left-sided failure starts with

Pulmonary edema

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Decreased intravascular Osmotic Pressure

Water moves from Intravascular space in response to Low albumin levels

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Decreased intravascular osmotic pressure: water moves from the intravascular space in response to ____ _______.

Low albumin levels (plasma protein levels)

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Decreased intravascular osmotic pressure= low albumin levels seen in what conditions?

Nephrotic
Syndrome
Cirrhosis (not enough Albumin)
Severe protein malnutrition (#1 source of protein in muscle)

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Sodium and water retention:

Obligatory water retention, Na follows results in _____.

Reduced osmotic pressure.

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In cases of Kidney disorders & Cardiovascular disorders water retention leads to ____ ____ ____

decrease renal perfusion

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What condition results from water retention?

congenital heart failure (CHF)

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________ obstruction due to trauma, fibrosis, invasive tumors, post-treatment & some infections, which results in _______ in the defected body part.

Lymphatic

Lymphedema

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Lymphatic obstruction is due to

Results in _____ in affected body part.

Trauma
Fibrosis
Invasive tumors
In post-treatment & some infections

Lymphedema

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How is liver cirrhosis involved with protein?

Patients with sever protein deficiency (malnutrition) are Not consuming ________.

Its not making enough albumin so levels drop

Enough proteins

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Maternal transmission

Mitochondria all maternal,

Spermatozoa not much mitochondria

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Mutations in Mitochondrial genome are transmitted _____. ____ transmit the mutation while sons don’t.

Maternally | Daughters

Mitochondria division is _____ of mitosis and can be induced by _____ needs.

Independent | Metabolic

Cells with normal or mutated mitochondria has a ____ distribution. Therefore, the _____ of the mutation is _____.

Random (variable) Expression Unpredictable

Mitochondrial genes codes for ___ ___ ___. So, mutations effect cells dependent on ____.

``` Energy metabolism Nerves Muscles Lever Heart Kidney ```

Mitochondrial genes code for ____ so mutations effect energy dependent cells.

Oxidative phosphorylation enzymes

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy causes

Blindness Neurological dysfunction Cardiac conduction defects

A subset of NIDDM show a maternal transmission pattern & maternally transmission of mitochondrial _____ are both associated with ____.

myopathies | Mitochondria DNA defect

Unaffected father, affected mother will have affected or unaffected children?

Affected

Affected father & unaffected mother will have affected or unaffected children? Why?

Unaffected Only affected mom can transmit or pass on mitochondrial defect.

Males carry what type of mom’s DNA? Males can only a ____ of the defect.

MtDNA (mitochondrial) Carrier

Mitochondrial (mt) disorder vary depending on

``` # of effected mt present in a cell Cell type ```

Classification of Mitochondrial myopthies

Mitochondrial encephalo-myopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like syndrome (MELAS) Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers (MERRF) Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) Chronic progressive external ophthalmologist (CPEO)

Classification of non-myopathic

Diabetes mellitus & deafness (DAD) Leigh syndrome, subacute sclerosing encephalopathy Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and ptosis (MNGIE)

Familial Hypercholesterolemia results from ____ defect in the gene for the ____ receptor or rector function.

Autosomal dominant | LDL

De-novo cholesterol synthesis is suppressed by exogenous ____ intake. This defect functions is ____

Cholesterol | Lost + elevated cholesterol levels

Hyperemia is an _____ due to augmented in flow from _____. The tissue is _____ due to oversupply with ______ blood. Happens in ___ & ___.

active process, Arteriolar dilation Redder, oxygenated Inflammation, physical exercise

Subcutaneous edema can be diffused or local. It’s movement is often ____ by ____; a ____ edema (typical of CHF).

Influenced, gravity, dependent

Finger pressure displaces the ____ ____ and leaves a _____.

Interstitial fluid, depression

Finger pressure leaving a depression is a sign of ____.

Pitting edema

Renal dysfunction with edema shows in parts of the body containing ____ ____. This type of CT found in eye lids is called _____.

Loss CT Eye lids Periorbital edema

______ edema seen in left ventricle failure, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome and in pulmonary ____ infections.

Pulmonary, inflammatory

A product of pulmonary edema is ____ with prominent collections of frothy, blood tinged interstitial fluid.

Wet heavy lung tissue

Localized/generalized produces ____ ____ and distended Geri with evidence of intracranial vascular ____, or brain tissue ____.

Sulci narrowed Compression Herniation

Hypoproteinemia associated edema is ___ but particularly in ____ Results in ____ collection; a condition called ___.

Systemic Kwashiorkor Intraperitoneal Ascites

Edema of solid organs reveal themselves as ____ size & ____ of organs.

Size | Weight

Hyperemia is an ____ process due to augmented inflow from _____ dilation. Tissue becomes reddish as due to engorgement (oversupply) with ____ blood.

Active Arteriolar Oxygenated

Congestion is a passive process result of ____ outflow due to venous ____. Tissues are ____ because the build up of deoxygenated blood.

Restricted Obstruction Cyanotic (blue)

Heart: Acute passive congestion

Venous obstruction | Progressive CHF

Heart: Chronic passive congestion

Lungs due to left ventricle failure (LVF) | Liver & lower extremities due to right ventricle failure (RVF)

Lung: LV failure causes capillary engorgement, alveolar transudate and interstital edema.

Acute pulmonary congestion

Lung: CHF leads to collections of hemosiderin laden macrophages (heart failure cells) in edematous fibrotic septa.

Chronic pulmonary congestion

Liver: involvement occurs with ___ or ___.

Right heart failure | Hepatic vein thrombosis

Centrilobar ischemic necrosis

Liver: Acute hepatic congestion

Variable degrees of necrosis

Liver: chronic passive hepatic congestion

Occurred when blood exits the intravascular space due to a defect in the vessel wall. May be external (Lg retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal)or internal (sm-bruise) resulting in a hematoma, and potentially fatal. An insignificant injury- seen in a number of hemorrhagic diatheses

Hemorrhage

Categories of Hemorrhage

Petechiae Purpua Ecchymoses

Seen in the skin, serosal surfaces or mucous membranes they are indicative of elevated intravascular pressure, thrombocytopenia and or a platelets or clotting factor defect

Petechiae

Large reddish (bleeding in the skin), Seen in trauma, vasculitis or vascular fragility

Purpura

Bruises associated with trauma but may occur with minimal trauma with clotting defects

Ecchymoses

Life-threatening infection that occurs when the bacteria, Neisseria meningitis invades in blood stream. Bleeding in the skin, occurs & tissue become necrotic or gangrenous.

Meningococcemia

Clinical significance of ____ depends on the ___ & ___ of blood loss.

Hemorrhage, Volume, Rate

Unit 3 Flashcards

(65 cards)