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HNA-MVST1B > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 things make up the external nose?

A

bone and hyaline cartilage

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2
Q

The lateral boundary of the external nasal aperture (naris) is formed by……… posteriorly and the major ……..e anteriorly.

A

The lateral boundary of the external nasal aperture (naris) is formed by fibrofatty tissue posteriorly and the major alar cartilage anteriorly.

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3
Q

whats the vestibule of the nose?

A

The hairy skin of the external nose extends into the nasal cavity for a short distance and is known as the vestibule of the nose.

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4
Q

describe how the nasal cavity is divided into 2

A

The nasal cavity is divided into left and right halves by the nasal septum, which forms its medial walls.

The septum is formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid superiorly, by the vomer posteriorly and by cartilage anteriorly.

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5
Q

describe the roof of the nasal cavity

A

The roof is arched, and is formed anteriorly by the nasal bones, in the middle by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and posteriorly by the inferior surface of the body of the sphenoid

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6
Q

Olfactory nerves pass through the ……to reach the olfactory bulb.

A

Olfactory nerves pass through the cribriform plate to reach the olfactory bulb.

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7
Q

describe the floor of the nasal cavity

A

The floor consists of the palatine processes of the maxillae anteriorly, and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones posteriorly.

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8
Q

describe the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

A

The lateral wall is formed mainly by the maxilla and three conchae. The superior and middle conchae are part of the ethmoid, while the inferior concha is a separate bone.

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9
Q

what are the conchae

A

The conchae are large, medially-directed bony elements covered by highly vascular mucous membranes. Air is heated and humidified as it is drawn past the conchae during breathing. Beneath each shelf-like concha is a meatus into which the paranasal sinuses open

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10
Q

what are paranasal sinuses?

A

Paranasal sinuses are a group of four paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity.

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11
Q

lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A
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12
Q

does the nosa have a very rich blood supply?

A

yep

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13
Q

which carotid artery does the nose recieve blood from?

A

BOTh internal and external

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14
Q

main blood supply for the nasal cavity comes from

A

a branch of the maxillary artery, the sphenopalatine artery.

The other arteries that contribute are the anterior ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic artery and the labial branch of the facial artery.

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15
Q

describe venous drainage from the nasal cavity

A

Venous blood leaves the region in veins that course alongside the arteries, and drain into the facial, ophthalmic, and sphenopalatine veins.

The latter form part of the pterygoid plexus of veins in the infratemporal fossa.

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16
Q

describe the mucous membrane present in the nasal cavity

A

The olfactory part, which is responsible for smell, is in the roof and adjacent parts of the medial and lateral walls, and is covered by columnar epithelium.

The rest is respiratory epithelium, except for the vestibule, which is lined with stratified squamous epithelium.

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17
Q

describe where olfactory axons originate

A

Olfactory nerves come from cell bodies in the olfactory mucous membrane, and pass through openings in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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18
Q

what maintains general sensation of the nasal cavity

A

General sensation is mediated by branches of the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve which accompany the vascular supply.

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19
Q

describe the nervous supply to the mucous glands

A

Parasympathetic secretomotor supply to the mucous glands is mediated by postganglionic fibres from the pterygopalatine ganglion.

The preganglionic fibres are carried by the greater petrosal nerve, a branch of the facial nerve.

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20
Q

innervation of the external skin of the nose?

A

nnervation to the external skin of the nose is supplied by the trigeminal nerve.

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21
Q

whats anosmia

A

loss of sense of smell

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22
Q

problems of a cribriform plate fracture

A
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23
Q

what are paranasal sinuses (U3 definintion)

A

These are a series of membrane-lined cavities within the facial bones.

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24
Q

each paranasal sinus is lined by?

A

Each sinus is lined with ciliated mucous columnar epithelium

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25
describe how liliary curretns are directed out of the paranasal sinuses
The ciliary currents are directed spirally towards the openings of the sinuses. Each sinus is named by the bone in which it lies.
26
functions of paranasal sinuses
They are centered on the nasal cavity and have various functions, including lightening the weight of the head, humidifying and heating inhaled air, increasing the resonance of speech, and serving as a crumple zone to protect vital structures in the event of facial trauma.
27
describe the frontal sinus
This lies above the orbit and can be quite extensive. It communicates with the nasal cavity by an opening in the anterior end of the middle meatus. green on image
28
how does the frontal sinus drain?
via the frontonasal duct, which opens into the hiatus semilunaris, within the middle meatus of the nasal cavity.
29
what supplies sensation to the frontal sinus
Sensation is supplied by the supraorbital nerve (a branch of the ophthalmic nerve)
30
arterial supply of the frontal sinus
arterial supply is via the anterior ethmoidal artery (a branch of the internal carotid).(and wiki syas the anterior ethmoidal artery)
31
where does the maxillary sinus lie?
It lies lateral to the nasal cavity, above the upper molar teeth.
32
describe whats interesting about the positioning of te maxillary cavity
Its floor extends to a lower level than the floor of the nasal cavity, so that its opening lies above the floor. It drains into the middle meatus.
33
larest sinuses are?
maxillary sinues
34
how do the maxillary sinuses drain to the nasal cavity
They drain into the nasal cavity at the hiatus semilunaris, underneath the frontal sinus opening. This is a potential pathway for spread of infection – fluid draining from the frontal sinus can enter the maxillary sinus.
35
describe the ethmoidal sinuses
These are small, interconnected air cells which lie between the orbit and the nose, and are divided into three cavities: anterior, middle, and posterior. located within the ethmoidal bone Anterior – Opens onto the **hiatus semilunaris** (middle meatus) Middle – Opens onto the **lateral** **wall** of the **middle meatus** Posterior – Opens onto the **lateral** **wall** of **the superior meatus**
36
innervation of the ethmoidal sinuses
They are innervated by the anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasociliary nerve and the maxillary nerve.
37
arterial supply of the ethmoidal sinus
The anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries are responsible for arterial supply.
38
have a read / how do sinuses open to nasal cavity - drawing
The lateral wall of the nose has a prominent bulge, the bulla of the ethmoid, which contains the middle ethmoidal air cells. Beneath the bulla is a curved opening, the hiatus semilunaris, which contains the openings of the frontal sinus, anterior ethmoidal air cells and maxillary sinus. The posterior ethmoidal air cells open into the superior meatus.
39
describe the sphenoid sinus
The sphenoid sinuses are situated within the body of the sphenoid bone.
40
how do the sphenoid sinuses open into the nasal cavity
They open out into the nasal cavity in an area supero-posterior to the superior cocha – known as the spheno-ethmoidal recess.
41
important relations of the sphenoid sinuses
Important relations include the pituitary gland superiorly and the cavernous sinus laterally.
42
innervation of the sphenoid sinus
They are innervated by the posterior ethmoidal nerve (a branch of the ophthalmic nerve), and branches of the maxillary nerve.
43
blood supply of the sphenoid sinus
They recieve blood supply from pharyngeal branches of the maxillary arteries.
44
what do you know about ## Footnote Transsphenoidal Surgery
The sphenoid bone shares a close anatomical relationship with the pituitary gland. Indeed, *the pituitary can be accessed surgically by passing instruments through the sphenoid bone and sinus.* This type of surgery is known as **endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery** (ETSS), and is the usual treatment of choice for *pituitary* *adenomas*. It allows for the surgical management of pituitary pathology without the need for a more extensive craniotomy.
45
functions again of the paranasal sinuses?
The paranasal sinuses are thought to act as resonance chambers during speech, but may also function to lighten the bones of the facial skeleton.
46
47
describe the external ear
This consists of the auricle, also known as the pinna, and the external auditory meatus, which extends to the tympanic membrane, dividing the external ear from the middle ear.
48
describe the auricle
This consists of elastic cartilage covered with skin, with ridges and depressions. Anterior to the meatal opening is the tragus, with the concha posteriorly. The outer edge is the helix and there is an inferior projection, the lobule, which is formed by fibrofatty tissue.
49
where does the external auditary meatus extend from and to
This extends from the concha of the auricle to the tympanic membrane and is about 3cm long.
50
The (extyernal auditary meatus) canal is directed .......
The canal is directed medially and slightly anteriorly.
51
describe the lateral third of the external auditary meatus canal
The lateral third is formed of cartilage and is continuous with the auricle. It is deficient posterosuperiorly, where it is completed by fibrous tissue.
52
the medial 2/3rds of the external auditary meatus is .....
bony, with a groove around the sides and floor for the attachment of the tympanic membrane.
53
The external auditory meatus is lined by ....
The external auditory meatus is lined by skin with hairs and ceruminous glands which secrete wax.
54
the middle ear is also known as
the tympanic cavity
55
The middle ear, also known as the tympanic cavity, is essentially ....
The middle ear, also known as the tympanic cavity, is essentially **a hollowed-out cave in the petrous part of the temporal bone.**
56
describe the roof of the tympanic cavity
The roof of the tympanic cavity is formed by a plate of bone, which separates the middle ear from the middle cranial fossa, the meninges, and the temporal lobe of the brain.
57
describe the floor of the tympanic cavity
Its floor is a thin plate of bone separating the cavity from the jugular fossa, which houses the commencement of the internal jugular vein, and the carotid canal.
58
describe the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity
The lateral wall is formed by the tympanic membrane, which is inserted into the groove in the bony portion of the external auditory meatus. It is placed obliquely downwards and medially, and bulges into the middle ear so that its lateral surface is concave
59
describe whats attached to the medial surface of the tympanic membrane
handle of the malleus
60
61
describe the medial wall of the tympanic cavity
The medial wall consists of the oval window, which leads to the internal ear.
62
what is the promontory with regard to the tympanic cavity
medial wall: There is also a bulge, the promontory, which is produced by the first turn of the cochlea
63
what nerve runs near the medial wall of the tympanic cavity
The facial nerve runs posteriorly and then inferiorly in the bony facial canal.
64
what are the 3 ossicles
malleus, incus, and stapes
65
what do the 3 ossicles do?
malleus, incus, and stapes, which articulate with each other to transmit vibrations of the membrane to the internal ear.
66
describe the ossicle: malleus
The malleus has a lateral process and handle which are attached to the tympanic membrane, and a rounded superior head which articulates with the body of the incus.
67
describe incus
The incus articulates via its long process with the stapes.
68
describe stapes
The base (footplate) of the stapes sits in the oval window (fenestra vestibuli). Movement of the base will cause vibration of the fluid in the internal ear, stimulating its auditory receptors.
69
which muscles are involved in mediating the ossicles? and what supplies them function?
Two small muscles, the **tensor** **tympani**, supplied by the *mandibular* *nerve*, and the **stapedius**, supplied by the *facial* *nerve*, are attached to the **malleus** and **stapes** respectively and act to modify the transmission of sound waves.
70
what connects the tympanic cavity with the nasopharynx
The auditory (Eustachian) tube opens off the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity and connects it with the nasopharynx
71
the auditory (Eustachian) tube has a medial ...... part and a lateral...... part
It has a medial cartilaginous part and a lateral bony part
72
role of the Eustachian tube?
allow air to enter or escape from the middle ear in order to equalise pressure between the tympanic cavity and the external environment.
73
describe how the mastoid air cells are involved in the tympanic cavity
74
arterial supply of the middle ear
The middle ear is supplied by branches of the internal carotid and maxillary arteries.
75
innervation of the middle ear
It is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve through the tympanic plexus.
76
77
what does the internal ear contain?
This contains the sense organs for hearing and balance. *osseous labyrinth* (with the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea), which contains the membranous labyrinth. The *utricle* and *saccule* are located in the vestibule and are responsible for static equilibrium, the *semicircular* *ducts* in the canals are concerned with dynamic equilibrium. The cochlear duct is the organ of hearing. They are all supplied by the **vestibulocochlear** **nerve** (CN VIII).
78
done
yay

HNA-MVST1B (3 decks)

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