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Biology units 3/4 > Unit 3 - AoS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - AoS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

ch 2 - protein

structure

A

a functional biomacromolecule made of one or more amino acid chains folded into a 3D shape.

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2
Q

ch 2 - monomer

A

a molecule that is the smallest building block of a polymer.

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3
Q

ch 2 - polymer

A

a large molecule that is made up of small repeated monomer subunits.

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4
Q

ch 2 - polypeptide

A

a chain of amino acids

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5
Q

ch 2 - proteome

A

all the proteins that are expressed by a cell or arganism at a given time.

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6
Q

ch 2 - peptide bond

A

the chemical bond linking two amino acids.

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7
Q

ch 2 - disulfide bond

A

a strong covalent bond occurring between two sulfur atoms.

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8
Q

ch 2 - prosthetic group

A

a non-protein group bound to a protein that gives it a quaternary structure - like a vitamin or ion.

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9
Q

ch 2 - condensation reaction

A

a reaction where two molecules (eg. amino acids) join to form a larger molecule, with the loss of a smaller molecule (eg. water).

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10
Q

ch 2 - carboxyl group

A

the functional group on amino acid molecules that contains a hydroxyl group (OH) and an oxygen double-bonded to a carbon atom.

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11
Q

ch 2 - amino group

A

the functional group on amino acid molecules that is made up of one nitrogen and two hydrogens.

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12
Q

ch 2 - r-group

A

the variable portion of an amino acid molecule. It can be one of twenty variations and determines the identity of the amino acid.

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13
Q

ch 2 - primary structure

A

the first level of protein structure, which refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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14
Q

ch 2 - secondary structure

A

the level of protein structure where the amino acid chain forms either alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets, or random coils.

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15
Q

ch 2 - tertiary structure

A

the overall functional 3D shape of a polypeptide.

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16
Q

ch 2 - quaternary structure

A

the level of protein structure where multiple polypeptide chains bond together, or other non-protein groups are added to form a fully functional protein.

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17
Q

ch 2 - nucleic acid

A

the class of macromolecule that includes DNA and RNA. All nucleic acids are polymers made out of nucleotide monomers.

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18
Q

ch 2 - nucleotide

A

the monomer subunit of nucleic acids. Made up of a nitrogen-containing base, a pentose sugar molecule and a phosphate group.

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19
Q

ch 2 - DNA

A

a double-stranded nucleic acid chain made up of nucleotides. DNA carries the instructions for functional units which are required for cell and organism survival.

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20
Q

ch 2 - RNA

A

a single stranded nucleic acid chain made up of nucleotides. Includes mRNA, rRNA and tRNA.

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21
Q

ch 2 - sugar-phosphate backbone

A

a strong covalently linked chain of pentose sugar and phosphate groups in a chain of nucleic acid.

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22
Q

ch 2 - genome

A

the complete set of DNA housed within an organism.

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23
Q

ch 2 - antiparallel strands

A

a characteristic of DNA strands describing how each strand runs in an opposite direction to the other. One runs in a 3’ - 5’ direction and the other runs in a 5’ - 3’ direction.

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24
Q

ch 2 - mRNA

A

messenger RNA are RNA molecules produced during transcription and carry genetic information from nucleus to ribosomes.

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25
ch 2 - tRNA
transfer RNA is RNA molecules that recognise specific codons on mRNA strand and add the complementary amino acid to the polypeptide chain in protein synthesis.
26
ch 2 - rRNA
ribosomal RNA is RNA molecules that are a key structural component of ribosomes, which assemble proteins.
27
ch 2 - amino acid
amino acids serve as the building blocks of proteins, composed of a central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group a unique r-group and a hydrogen atom.
28
ch 2 - differences between DNA and RNA
DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and RNA contains ribose sugar. DNA has the bases adenine and thyamine and RNA has adenine and uracil. DNA is inherited and long-term and RNA is temporary molecules that are synthesised and short-term.
29
ch 2 - gene
a section of DNA that carries the code to make a functional unit.
30
ch 2 - transcription
The process whereby a sequence of DNA is used as a template to produce a complemetary sequence of mRNA.
31
ch 2 - translation
The process where an mRNA sequence is read to produce a corresponding amino acid sequence to build a polypeptide.
32
ch 2 - genetic code
the set of rules by which information is encoded in genetic material. Universal, degenerate, unambiguous, non-overlapping.
33
ch 2 - DNA triplet
the sequence of three nucleotides in DNA coding for one amino acid.
34
ch 2 - mRNA codon
the sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for one amino acid.
35
ch 2 - start codon
the sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that signal the start of translation.
36
ch 2 - stop codon
the sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that signal the end of translation.
37
ch 2 - promoter
the sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds.
38
ch 2 - introns
non-coding regions of a gene that don't code for proteins and are spliced out during post transcriptional modifications. only in eukaryotes.
39
ch 2 - exons
regions of a gene that code for proteins.
40
ch 2 - termination sequence
the sequence of a gene that signals the end of transcription.
41
ch 2 - operator
a region of genes only present in prokaryotes that interact with repressor proteins to alter the transcription of an operon.
42
ch 2 - repressor protein
proteins coded for my regulatory genes that prevents gene expression by binding to its operator.
43
ch 2 - gene expression
the process of reading the information stored within a gene to create a functional product - typically a protein.
44
ch 2 - leader region
the segment of DNA or mRNA that immediately precedes the coding region, also known as the leader segment or sequence.
45
ch 2 - transcription factor
proteins that bind to the promoter region and control the function of RNA polymerase.
46
ch 2 - RNA polymerase
the enzyme responsible for constructing a pre-mRNA molecule from a DNA sequence during transcription.
47
ch 2 - template strand
the strand of DNA transcribed by RNA polymerase to produce a complementary strand of pre-mRNA.
48
ch 2 - coding strand
the strand of DNA not transcribed by RNA polymerase, contains an identical sequence to the mRNA strand produced (except all thyamine is replaced by uracil in the pre-mRNA).
49
ch 2 - pre-mRNA
the immediate product of the transcription of a DNA sequence. modified before translation.
50
ch 2 - 5' methyl - G cap
A molecule of guanine added to the 5' end of pre-mRNA during processing. allows mRNA to bind to the ribosome for translation.
51
ch 2 - 3' poly - A tail
a chain of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of pre-mRNA during processing. makes RNA more stable and prevents degradation.
52
ch 2 - splicing
the process where introns are cut out of pre-mRNA molecules and exons are joined together.
53
ch 2 - spliceosome
the enzyme that removes introns and joins exons during RNA processing.
54
ch 2 - alternative splicing
the process where different exons may be spliced resulting in a single gene producing multiple different mRNA molecules.
55
ch 2 - anticodon
a sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that recognises specific codons on an mRNA strand.
56
ch 2 - ribosome
an organelle made up of rRNA and protein that is the site of protein synthesis. in cytosol or on RER.
57
ch 2 - rough ER
A hollow membranous chain of connected flattened sacs coated with ribosomes. The site of protein folding and modification.
58
ch 2 - golgi body
An organelle made of flattened membrane sacs involved in protein modification, tagging, sorting and packaging for use in the cell or for exportation.
59
ch 2 - vesicle
a fluid-filled membrane bound organelle involved in the transportation of substances around the cell, and the export and import of substances.
60
ch 2 - gene regulation
The control of gene expression, typically achieved by turning transcription of a gene on or off.
61
ch 2 - structural gene
A segment of DNA that codes for proteins that play a role in the structure or function of a cell or organism, not a regulatory protein.
62
ch 2 - regulatory gene
a segment of DNA that codes for proteins that control the expression of other genes.
63
ch 2 - repressor proteins
proteins coded for by regulatory genes that prevent gene expression by binding to operators of the gene they control.
64
ch 2 - activator protein
proteins coded for by regulatory genes that increase gene expression.
65
ch 2 - transcription factors
regulatory proteins which can switch transcription of genes on or off.
66
ch 2 - promoter
the sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds.
67
ch 2 - operator
a short region of DNA that interacts with repressor proteins to alter the transcription of an operon.
68
ch 2 - biosynthetic pathway
a chain of reactions associated with the formation of complex compounds from simple substances by living organisms.
69
ch 2 - operon
a cluster of linked genes that share a common promoter and operator and are transcribed at the same time.
70
ch 2 - trp operon
a series of linked genes within certain species of bacteria that encode for the proteins responsible for the production of the amino acid tryptophan.
71
ch 2 - trp operon repression
mechanism for gene regulation within the trp operon whereby repressor proteins stop the initiation of transcription when there are high levels or tryptophan.
72
ch 2 - conformational change
a change in the 3D shape of a macromolecule such as proteins.
73
ch 2 - trp operon attenuation
a mechanism for regulation of the trp operon whereby premature ceasing of translation stops transcription when tryptophan levels are high.
74
ch 2 - leader region
the segment of DNA or mRNA that immediately precedes the coding region.
75
ch 2 - attenuator sequence
part of the leader region within trp operon that allows for attenuation.
76
ch 2 - terminator hairpin
a loop formed in mRNA in the presence of tryptophan that ceases trancription of trp operon.
77
ch 2 - antiterminator hairpin loop
a loop formed in mRNA when tryptophan is low that ensures trancription of structural genes in the trp operon.
78
ch 4 - endonuclease
an enzyme that breaks the phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain.
79
ch 4 - recognition site
a specific target sequence of DNA upon which restriction endonucleases act.
80
ch 4 - restriction endonuclease
any enzyme that acts like molecular scissors to cut nucleic acid strands at specific recognition sites.
81
ch 4 - sticky end
the result of staggered cut through double-stranded DNA resulting in overhanging nucleotides.
82
ch 4 - blunt end
the result of a straight cut through double-stranded DNA resulting in no overhanging nucleotides.
83
ch 4 - overhanging nucleotides
unbonded nucleotides on the ends of DNA strands resulting form a staggered cut.
84
ch 4 - ligase
an enzyme that joins together molecules, including DNA or RNA, by catalysing the formation of phosphodiester bonds.
85
ch 4 - polymerase
an enzyme that synthesises a polymer from monomers, such as forming a DNA strand from nucleic acids.
86
ch 4 - virus
non-cellular infectious agent composed of genetic material enclosed in a protein coat that requires a host organism to multiply - is not an organism.
87
ch 4 - bacteriophage
a virus that infects prokaryotic organisms.
88
ch 4 - CRISPR-Cas 9
A complex made up of Cas9 enzyme and guide RNA that can cut target sequences of DNA. Bacteria use it to defend against invading viruses, and scientists use it to edit genomes.
89
ch 4 - guide RNA
An RNA molecule made up of crisprRNA and tracrRNA that has a specific sequence determined by a bacterium's CRISPR gene to guide Cas9 to a specific restriction site.
90
ch 4 - Cas9
An endonuclease that creates a blunt cut at a restriction site determined by gRNA.
91
ch 4 - CRISPR
short, clustered repeats of DNA found in prokaryotes that protect them from viral invasion.
92
ch 4 - spacer
a short sequence of DNA obtained from an invading bacteriophage that is added into the CRISPR array of a bacterium.
93
ch 4 - PAM
A short sequence of nucleotides that is found immediately adjacent to the DNA targeted by Cas9, on the opposite strand.
94
ch 4 - gene therapy
the editing of a genome by scientists to repair genetic mutations by replacing defective genes with healthy ones.
95
ch 4 - sgRNA
single guide RNA is RNA created and used by scientists, made to instruct Cas9 to cut a specific gene when using CRISPR-Cas9 in gene editing.
96
ch 5 - gene knockout
a technique used in gene editing where scientists prevent the expression of a target gene to understand its function in an organism.
97
ch 4 - gene knock-in
a technique used in gene editing where scientists substitute or add nucleotides in a gene.
98
ch 4 - the polymerase chain reaction
a laboratory technique used to produce many identical copies of DNA from a small initial sample.
99

Biology units 3/4 (3 decks)

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