unit 3 aos 2

Question 1

what is classical conditioning

Answer 1

a process of learning through the involuntary and repeated associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response.

Question 2

what are behaviourist approaches to learning and what is a type of it

Answer 2

theories which propose learning occurs by interacting with the external environment
- classical and operant conditioning

Question 3

what is social-cognitive approaches to learning and what is a type of it

Answer 3

theories that propose learning takes place in a social setting and involves various cognitive processes.
- observational learning

Question 4

what is a stimulus

Answer 4

an event or object that causes a response

Question 5

what is a response

Answer 5

a reaction to a stimulus

Question 6

what is conditioning

Answer 6

a process of learning association between a stimulus in the environment (one event) and a behavioural response (another event)

Question 7

what is the neutral stimlus

Answer 7

the stimulus that originally does not produce any response

Question 8

what is the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

any stimulus

Question 9

what is the unconditioned response

Answer 9

the response which occurs automatically when the unconditioned stimulus is presented

Question 10

what is the conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

the stimulus that is neutral at the start of the conditioning process (initially unrelated), but through repeated association with the conditioned stimulus (CS) produces the same effect as the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 11

what is the conditioned response

Answer 11

the new learned response which is produced by the conditioned stimulus.

Question 12

what is operant conditioning

Answer 12

operant conditioning suggests learning occurs through interacting with the external environment. The behaviour is influenced by direct and observable environmental consequences for behaviour. The leader is active as the behaviour is consciously charged or maintained in a response to a consequence.

Question 13

what is the three-phase process of operant conditioning

Answer 13

involves the antecedent, behaviour and consequence, where the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood that is will reoccur.

Question 14

what is the antecedent is the three phase model of operant conditioning

Answer 14

the stimulus or event that precedes and often elicits a particular behaviour.

Question 15

what is the behaviour in the three-phase model of operant conditioning

Answer 15

the voluntary actions that occur in the presense of the antecedent.

Question 16

what is the consequence in the three-phase model of operant conditioning

Answer 16

the outcome of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood that it will occur again. This can be either reinforcement or punishment.

Question 17

what are the types of consequences

Answer 17

reinforcement
- positive and negative
punishment
- positive and negative

Question 18

what is positive reinforcement

Answer 18

positive reinforcement is the addition of a desirable stimulus, which increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring.

Question 19

what is a negative reinforcement

Answer 19

negative reinforcement is the removal of an undesirable consequence, which increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring.

Question 20

what is a positive punishment

Answer 20

positive punishment is the addition of an undesirable stimulus, which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occuring.

Question 21

what is a negative punishment

Answer 21

negative punishment is the removal of a desirable stimulus, which decreases the likelihood that the behaviour will reoccur.

Question 22

what are the similarities between classical and operant conditioning

Answer 22

• both are behaviourist approaches to learning
• both are three-phase processes of learning

Question 23

what are differences between classical and operant conditioning

Answer 23

operant conditioning involves learning a voluntary behaviour, whereas classical conditioning involves learning an involuntary behaviour.

Question 24

what is observational learning

Answer 24

observational learning is a process that involves watching the behaviour of a model and the associated consequence of that behaviour.

Question 25

what are the stages of observational learning

Answer 25

- attention - retention - reproduction - motivation - reinforcement

Question 26

what is attention

Answer 26

individuals actively focus on the model's behaviour and the consequences of the behaviour

Question 28

what is reproduction

Answer 28

reproduction is the 3rd stage of observational learning in which the individual must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour.

Question 29

what is motivation

Answer 29

motivation is the 4th stage of observational learning in which the individual must want to reproduce the behaviour. Motivate is a cognitive process in which the individuals must desire to perform the behaviour they are observing after they have observed it.

Question 30

what is reinforcement

Answer 30

reinforcement is the fifth stage of observational learning in which the individual receives a positive consequence for the behaviour which makes them more likely to reproduce the behaviour again in the future.

Question 31

what is self-reinforcement

Answer 31

the behaviour is reinforced through factors internal to the individual, such as feeling proud of themselves.

Question 32

what is external reinforcement

Answer 32

the behaviour is reinforced by factors external to the individual, such as receiving an award.

Question 33

what is vicarious reinforcement

Answer 33

the behaviour is reinforced by observing the reinforcement of anohter person performing the same behaviour. This can enhance the individual's motivation and make them more likely to reproduce the behaviour again the future, despite not being directly reinforced themselves.