unit 3 aos2 part 1 learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

the process of acquiring knowledge, skills or behaviours through experience. can occur intentionally (active) or unintentionally (passive)

Question 2

behaviourist approaches to learning (+2 types)

Answer 2

theories which propose learning occurs by interacting with the external environnent. classical and operant conditioning.

Question 3

conditioning

Answer 3

the process of learning associations between a stimulus in the environment and a behavioural response

Question 4

classical conditioning

Answer 4

a process of learning through the involuntary associations between a neutral stimulus that results in a conditioned response.

Question 5

stage 1 of classical conditioning

Answer 5

the neutral stimulus has no associations and therefore does not produce any significant response.

Question 6

stage 2 of classical conditioning

Answer 6

the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired immediately prior with the unconditioned stimulus, producing the unconditioned response.

Question 7

stage 3 of classical conditioning

Answer 7

the neutral stimulus has become the conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response.

Question 8

neutral stimulus

Answer 8

the stimulus that originally does not produce any response

Question 9

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 9

any stimulus that produces an automatic reflex response

Question 10

unconditioned response

Answer 10

the response which occurs automatically when the UCS is presented

Question 11

conditioned stimulus

Answer 11

the stimulus that is neutral at the start of the conditioning process

Question 12

conditioned response

Answer 12

the new learned response which is produced by the conditioned stimulus

Question 13

operant conditioning

Answer 13

Operant conditioning suggests learning occurs through interacting with the external environment. Behaviour is influenced by direct and observable environmental consequences for behaviour. The learner is active as the behaviour is consciously changed or maintained in response to a consequence.

Question 14

3 phases in operant conditioning

Answer 14

antecedent, behaviour and consequence

Question 15

antecedent

Answer 15

the stimulus or event that precedes and often elicits a particular behaviour

Question 16

behaviour

Answer 16

the voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent

Question 17

consequence

Answer 17

the outcome of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood that it will occur again

Question 18

2 types of consequences

Answer 18

reinforcement and punishment

Question 19

reinforcement + 2 types

Answer 19

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement

Question 20

punishment + 2 types

Answer 20

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring.
Positive punishment
Negative punishment

Question 21

positive reinforcement

Answer 21

The addition of a desirable stimulus, which increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring.

Question 22

negative reinforcement

Answer 22

The removal of an undesirable stimulus, which increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring

Question 23

positive punishment

Answer 23

The addition of an undesirable stimulus, which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring.

Question 24

negative punishment

Answer 24

The removal of a desirable stimulus, which decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring.

Question 25

2 similarities between classical and operant conditioning

Answer 25

both are behaviourist approaches to learning, both are 3 phase processes of learning

Question 26

2 differences between classical and operant conditioning

Answer 26

operant conditioning involves learning a voluntary behaviour whereas classical conditioning involves learning an involuntary behaviour. operant conditioning requires a consequence, whereas there is no kind of consequence during classical conditioning

Question 27

social cognitive approach to learning

Answer 27

Suggests that learning takes place in a social setting and involves various cognitive processes.

Question 28

observational learning

Answer 28

a process of learning that involves a learner watching the behaviour of a model and the associated consequence of that behaviour. it is active

Question 29

5 stages of observational learning

Answer 29

Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation Reinforcement

Question 30

attention

Answer 30

The first stage of observational learning in which individuals closely watch the model’s behaviour and the consequences of the behaviour. If the individual does not actively concentrate on the behaviour the model is displaying it is unlikely they will retain this information.

Question 31

retention

Answer 31

The second stage of observational learning in which individuals create a mental representation to remember the model’s demonstrated behaviour. If the individual has met this stage this means that the information they have paid attention to is stored in their memory. This information can be accessed later on when the individual goes to perform the behaviour.

Question 32

reproduction

Answer 32

The third stage of observational learning in which the individual must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour. Although an individual may have paid attention to the model and retained the information, if they do not have the physical or mental ability to successfully replicate the behaviour, they will be unable to reproduce the behaviour. Reproduction is often a stage many people do not achieve.

Question 33

motivation

Answer 33

The fourth stage is motivation, in which the individual must have the desire to reproduce the behaviour. Motivation is a cognitive process in which the individuals must desire to perform the behaviour they are observing after they have observed it. This motivation can be either intrinsic or extrinsic.

Question 34

observational reinforcement (+3 types)

Answer 34

Reinforcement is the fifth stage of observational learning in which the individual receives a positive consequence for the behaviour which makes them more likely to reproduce the behaviour again in the future. (Self-reinforcement, external reinforcement, vicarious reinforcement)

Question 35

self reinforcement

Answer 35

the behaviour is reinforced through factors internal to the individual, such as feeling proud of themselves.

Question 36

external reinforcement

Answer 36

the behaviour is reinforced by factors external to the individual, such as receiving an award.

Question 37

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 37

the behaviour is reinforced by observing the reinforcement of another person performing the same behaviour. This can enhance the individual’s motivation and make them more likely to reproduce the behaviour again in the future, despite not being directly reinforced themselves.