Unit 3: Chemistry in Society

Question 1

Elements essential in Fertilisers

Answer 1

Nitrogen (N)

Phosphorus (P)

Potassium (K)

Question 2

Natural Fertilisers

Answer 2

Decay of dead plants + animals

Decay of plant + animal waste

Question 3

Synthetic Fertilisers

Answer 3

Ammonia (Haber Process)

Nitric Acid (Ostwald Process)

Question 4

Haber Process

Answer 4

Nitrogen + Hydrogen ⇔ Amonia

450ºC

200 atm

Iron Catalyst

Question 5

Solubility

Answer 5

Fertilisers are usually very soluble and can be washed into rivers and lochs, increasing pollution

Question 6

Ammonia

Answer 6

Invisible gas with a characterstic smell. Very soluble and produces an alkaline solution. Released when ammonium compounds are heated with an alkali

Question 7

Ammonia + Acid

Answer 7

Forms ammonium salts

Question 8

Nitric Acid

Answer 8

Formed when brown gas nitrogen dioxide dissolves in water

Question 9

Nitrogen Monoxide

Answer 9

Formed from nitrogen and oxygen in a lightning storm

Question 10

Heavy Elements

Answer 10

Formed from lighter elements in stars

Question 11

Radioactive Elements

Answer 11

Become more stable by giving out alpha, beta or gamma radiation

Question 12

Nuclear Equations

Answer 12

Written to describe nuclear reactions

Question 13

Half-Life

Answer 13

Time taken for half of the nuclei of a particular isotope to decay

Question 14

Use of Radioactive Isotopes

Answer 14

In medicine Cobalt-60 is used to kill cancer cells

Question 15

Alpha Particles (α)

Answer 15

Made of 2 protons and 2 neutrons (identical to helium nucleus). Heavy and Positively charged

Question 16

Beta Particle (β)

Answer 16

Made of 1 very fast moving electron. Light and negatively charged

Question 17

Gamma Ray (γ)

Answer 17

Part of the E-M spectrum. Has no mass, travels at the speed of light and has a very high frequency so a very high energy

Question 18

Ionisation

Answer 18

When an atom loses or gains an electron giving it a charge

Question 19

Alpha Penetration

Answer 19

Stopped by a few cm of air or a thin sheet of paper

Question 20

Beta Penetration

Answer 20

Stopped by a thin sheet of aluminium

Question 21

Gamma Penetration

Answer 21

Stopped by Lead or Concrete

Question 22

All metals

Answer 22

Conduct electricity when solid or liquid

Question 23

Metals are good conductors of

Answer 23

Heat

Question 24

Density

Answer 24

How heavy a metal is

Question 25

Malleability

Answer 25

How easily a metals shape is changed

Question 26

Metal + Oxygen

Answer 26

→ Metal Oxides

Question 27

Metal + Water

Answer 27

→Hydrogen + Metal Hydroxide

Question 28

Metal + Acid

Answer 28

→Hydrogen + Salt

Question 29

Unreactive Metals

Answer 29

Like mercury and silver (at the bottom of the ECS) Can be obtained from ores by heat alone

Question 30

Moderately Reactive Metals

Answer 30

Obtained from their ores by heating with carbon

Question 31

Reactive Metals

Answer 31

Metals above zinc need to be extracted by other methods

Question 32

Reactive Metals' Oxides

Answer 32

Form strong bonds with oxygen and so are difficult to reduce

Question 33

Displacement Reaction

Answer 33

Occurs when a metal higher in the ECS is added to a solution of ions of a metal lower in the ECS. Higher metal **atoms lose electrons forming ions** and lower metal **ions gain electrons forming atoms**

Question 34

Copper Ions Colour

Answer 34

Blue

Question 35

Corrosion

Answer 35

Chemical reaction that occurs on the surface of metals

Question 36

Rust Requirements

Answer 36

Oxygen and Water

Question 37

Ferroxyl Indicator

Answer 37

Can detect the presence of the corrosion of iron. Amount of blue colour formed inicates how much rusting has occured

Question 38

Preventing Rust

Answer 38

Supply electrons to iron Sacrificial Protection Physical Barrier Galvanising

Question 39

Sacrificial Protection

Answer 39

More reactive metal attached to iron and corrodes instead of the iron

Question 40

Electroplating

Answer 40

Coating a metal object with a layer of another metal

Question 41

Physical Barrier

Answer 41

Iron Covered with: * Zinc * Tin * Plastic * Paint * Oil

Question 42

Electricity

Answer 42

Flow of electrons through a wire

Question 43

Rechargable Battery

Answer 43

When electricity is passed through them, the energy is stored as chemical energy Eg. Lead/Acid

Question 44

Cell

Answer 44

Arrangement of two metals connected by wires to a meter with a wet filter paper placed between them

Question 45

Electrolyte

Answer 45

Conducting substance which connects and completes the circuit

Question 46

Ion Bridge

Answer 46

Conducting link which completes the circuit as it allows ions to move carrying the current between the two halves of the cell

Question 47

Oxidation

Answer 47

Reaction involving the loss of electrons

Question 48

Reduction

Answer 48

Reaction involving the gain of electrons

Question 49

Redox

Answer 49

Whole Reaction (Oxidation + Reduction)

Question 50

Synthetic Fibres

Answer 50

Polymers which show a wide range of useful properties. Man made

Question 51

Thermosoftening Plastics

Answer 51

Can be melted and reshaped

Question 52

Thermosetting Plastics

Answer 52

Cannot melt again and will decompose if heated strongly

Question 53

Biodegradable

Answer 53

Will rot when buried

Question 54

Few plastics are

Answer 54

Biodegradable

Question 55

Biodegradable Plastics - Advantage

Answer 55

Reduce waste in landfill sites

Question 56

Polymerisation

Answer 56

When monomers join up to form polymers

Question 57

Simplest alkene

Answer 57

Ethene - the starting material for many polymers

Question 58

Making ethene

Answer 58

Made from naptha Made from various long chain hydrocarbons which come from oil by cracking Cracking ethane from natural gas

Question 59

Common Addition Polymers

Answer 59

Poly(ethene) Polystyrene P.V.C P.T.F.E

Question 60

Addition Polymerisation

Answer 60

a process involving many small, unsaturated monomers combining to form one large polymer molecule.

Question 61

Repeating Unit

Answer 61

Part of a polymer whose repetition would produce the complete polymer chain

Question 62

Condensation Polymer

Answer 62

An alcohol reacts with a corboxylic acid to make an ester

Question 63

Formation of ester links

Answer 63

Formed by the Reaction of the hydroxyl and the carboxyl functional groups

Question 64

Polyesters

Answer 64

Condensation Polymers

Question 65

Many condensation Polymers are made from

Answer 65

Monomers with 2 functional groups in the molecule

Question 66

All compounds of the group 1 metals are

Answer 66

Soluble

Question 67

All ammonium compounds are

Answer 67

Soluble

Question 68

All nitrate compounds are

Answer 68

Soluble

Question 69

Precipitation Reaction

Answer 69

Reaction between two solutions to form an insoluble salt

Question 70

Analytical Techniques

Answer 70

Flame Tests pH measurement Chromatograhy