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Biology 1000 > Unit 3-Compounds Of Cells > Flashcards

Unit 3-Compounds Of Cells Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

What are the five functional groups

A 
Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group 
Phosphate group
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of the 5 functional groups

A

They are polar
They are hydrophilic
Soluble in water

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the 6 chemical group

A

Methyl is

Non polar and not reactive but it effects molecular shape and it’s function

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4
Q

Define a hydroxyl group

What’s an example that contains a hydroxyl group

A

Consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton
Ethanol

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5
Q

Define a carbonyl group

What has a carbonyl group

A

A carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom.

Sugars contain carbonyl groups and hydroxyl groups

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6
Q

Define a aldehyde

A

When the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton

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7
Q

Define a ketone

A

When the carbonyl group is within the chain

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8
Q

Define a carboxyl group

A

Consists of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group
The carboxyl group acts as an acid by contributing an H+ to a solution and thus becoming ionized.
Compounds with carboxyl groups are called carboxylic acids

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9
Q

Define an amino group

A

Has a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton. Acts as a base by picking up an H+ from a solution

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10
Q

Define amines

A

Organic compounds with an amino group

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11
Q

Define the structure of amino acids

A

Contain an amino group and a carboxyl group

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12
Q

Define a phosphate group

A

Consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It is usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms

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13
Q

Define a methyl group

A

Consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogens.

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14
Q

Identify the chemical groups that do not contain carbon

A

Hydroxyl
Amino
Phosphate groups

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15
Q

Define macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
(Fats)

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16
Q

Define polymers

A

A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together much as a train consists of a train of cars.
Macromolecules are made by joining smaller molecules into chains called polymers

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17
Q

The building blocks of polymers are called what

A

Monomers

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18
Q

How to you form polymers

A

Cells link monomers together to form polymers by dehydration synthesis

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19
Q

Define dehydration synthesis

A

A reaction that removes a molecule of water

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20
Q

What does a monomer have

A

A hydrogen atom at one end and a hydroxyl group at the other

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21
Q

What happened when monomers are added to the chain

A

A water molecule (H2O) is released

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22
Q

How do cells break down polymers

A

Hydrolysis

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23
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

The reverse of dehydration synthesis.

Breaks the bond with water

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24
Q

Define enzymes

A

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells
Required in both hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis

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25
What can lactose intolerant people not do
Unable to hydrolyze such a bond in the sugar lactose because they lack the enzymes lactase
26
What makes the variety in polymers possible
Not because there are infinite amounts of monomers but because of how they are sequenced together
27
Define carbohydrate
Refers to a class of molecules ranging from small sugar molecules to large polysaccharides
28
What is the carbohydrate monomer called
Monosaccharide
29
Define monosaccharide
A single sugar
30
What is the formula for glucose
C6H12O6
31
How do sugars become alcohols
Hydroxyl groups make a sugar an alcohol
32
What is the formula for fructose | What does this mean for glucose and fructose
C6H12O6 | Glucose and fructose are isomers because they only differ in the arrangements of their atoms
33
Write the formulae for a monosaccharide that has three carbons
C3H6O3
34
How are disaccharides created
Formed by two monosaccharide monomers by dehydration reaction
35
What is sucrose
A disaccharide | Glucose and fructose
36
Lactose is the disaccharide sugar in milk formed by glucose and galactose. The formula for both are C6H12O6 what is the formula for lactose
C12H22O11
37
Define polysaccharides
Macromolecules | Multiple Polymers linked together by dehydration reactions
38
What are the three common types of polysaccharides
Starch glycogen and cellulose
39
Define starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants
40
Define glycogen
What animals storage glucose as | Highly branched
41
Define cellulose
The most abundant organic compound on earth
42
Define chitin
Used by insects to build their exoskeleton
43
Define a protein
A polymer of amino acids
44
Define amino acids
All have an amino group and a carboxyl group | With a R group
45
Define a peptide bond
The linkage of amino acids
46
Define denaturation
Polypeptide chains unravel losing their specific shape and as a result their function
47
Why does a denatured protein no longer function normally
The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape which is lost when a protein denatures
48
Define the primary structure
It's unique linear sequence of amino acids
49
Define secondary structure
Second level of protein structure Parts of the polypeptide coil or fold into local patterns The coiling results in an alpha helix and a beta pleated sheet
50
Define tertiary structure
Refers to the overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide Results from interactions between these R groups
51
define quaternary structure
Two or more polypeptide chains arranged into a functional macromolecule.
52
Define a gene
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a discrete unit of inheritance known as a gene
53
What do genes consist of
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid
54
what are the two type of polymers of nucleic acids
DNA | RNA
55
What are the general process of DNA and RNA
DNA transcribes into RNA
56
What are nucleic acids
Polymers of nucleotides
57
Each DNA nucleotide has one of four different nitrogenous based what are they
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
58
What are the RNA nucleotide four nitrogenous bases
Adenine Cytosine Guanine Uracil
59
Define lipids
Diverse compounds that are grouped together because they share one trait they do not mix well with water
60
What do lipids consist of
Mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds
61
What makes lipids different from carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids
They are not huge macromolecules nor polymers built form similar monomers Vary in structure and function
62
What are three types of lipids
Fats Phospholipids Steroids
63
Define a fat
A large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules ; glycerol and fatty acids Aka a triglyceride
64
Define saturated fatty acids
With no double bond in their hydrocarbon chain Animal fats Solid
65
Unsaturated fatty acids
Have double bonds and fewer hydrogen atoms Are not packed together tightly so they are liquid Oils
66
Define phospholipids
The major component of cell membranes | Structurally similar to fats but only contain two fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of three
67
Define steroids
Lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings
68
Define cholesterol
A common component in animal cell membranes and animal cells also use it as a starting material for making other steroids including sex hormones
69
Define lipoproteins
What cholesterol is packed into for transport
70
Bad cholesterol
Low density lipoproteins
71
Good cholesterol
High density lipoproteins
72
A glucose molecule is to starch as
A nucleotide is to a nucleic acid
73
What makes a fatty acid an acid
It has a carboxyl group that donates an H+ to a solution
74
Where in the tertiary structure of a water soluble protein would you most likely find an amino acid with a hydrophobic R group
On the inside away from water
75
Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because
One of their stomachs contains prokaryotes that can hydrolyze the bonds of cellulose
76
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture
DNA
77
Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they
Are not polymers
78
Of the following functional groups which is/are polar tending to make organic compounds hydrophilic
``` All of these: Carbonyl Amino Hydroxyl Carboxyl ```
79
Unsaturated fats are
Double bonded in their fatty acid chains

Biology 1000 (11 decks)

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