Unit 3: evolution and development

Question 1

What is a biological population?

Answer 1

It is a group of organisms of the same species, that are not relatively from other independent from other groups of the same species. They are independent because their environment is somewhere else from their species.

Question 2

Which of the following is a population?
A. a caterpillar in a garden
B. a group of trout in a pond
C. all of the birds in a forest
D. all bacteria that live in the gut

Answer 2

B. a group of trout in a pond because it’s one species and relatively abandoned in a pond.

Question 3

What is evolution specifically biological?

Answer 3

change of characteristics of a population that occurs over generations by inherited genes

Question 4

Who was Charles Darwin, what did he study and what was his idea on evolution

Answer 4

He was a famous person of evolution. He studied finches on the Galapagos Islands. He noticed that finches had different beaks depending on how they needed them to eat seeds. His idea was that we all had a common ancestor and then we spread to other habitats and adapted to them.

Question 5

What is microevolution?

Answer 5

It is a change that occurs in a population. It is usually easier to understand (noncontroversial), Small changes in a small amount of time. An example is an antibiotic resistant infectious bacteria.

Question 6

What is macroevolution?

Answer 6

It is a large change in a population that occurs over a long period of time that results in new species. It is Conversational most of the time.

Question 7

What is a scientific theory?

Answer 7

It is a statement that provides a current and best explanation on how the universe works.

Question 8

What are the 6 evidences for common decent?

Answer 8

Linnaean classification, Anatomical homology, Development homologies, molecular homologies, Biogeography, and Fossil records

Question 9

Definition of Linnaean classification

Answer 9

Organizes organisms and implies common ancestry.
The domain, kingdom, phylum diagram

Question 10

Define Anatomical homologies

Answer 10

The similarities in the skeleton bone structure.
Like similar structures and equivalent bones. Humans and chimpanzees

Question 11

What is a vestigial trait?

Answer 11

Nonfunctional or greatly reduced traits like the coccyx bones, which researchers say that we might have had a tail. How we get hiccups that come from a frog, how we have hair and get up when we are cold or scared.

Question 12

Define development homologies

Answer 12

How we all look alike when we are developing, there is only one reason; we all have a common ancestor

Question 13

Define Molecular homologies

Answer 13

Similarities in DNA sequences; closely related species have similar genes

Question 14

Define Biogeography

Answer 14

Despite similar environments some species are only present in one particular place

Question 15

Define Fossil Record

Answer 15

The remains of living organisms left in soil or rock

Question 16

What is radiometric dating?

Answer 16

A method to find out how old an object is by measuring the amount of radioisotope the object contains against the decay product it contains

Question 17

What is Tuberculosis?
(symptoms, and Treatment)

Answer 17

• It is a disease caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. it is tricky to treat.
• Symptoms are cough with blood, fever, fatigue, long, restless wasting (patients become thinner and weaker)
• Treatment is antibiotics that last for 6-12 months to eliminate the bacteria. But after 2 weeks on antibiotics, they are not contagious anymore.

Question 18

What are things to know about natural selection?

Answer 18

It can’t cause new traits, but it doesn’t result in perfection only the best way to fit in an environment, there is not determined goal.

Question 18

What is “survival of the fittest”?

Answer 18

It means that the organisms best adapted to the environment will survive.

Question 18

What is the number of species in the planet?

Answer 18

8.7 million

Question 19

What historical period is responsible for appearance of most species?

Answer 19

The Cambrian period

Question 20

What are helper t-cells?

Answer 20

They helper kill infections or bacteria

Question 21

What are the observations that lead to natural selection?

Answer 21

Individuals in the population vary, some variation can be passed down to their offspring, organisms produce more offsprings tan will survive, survival and reproduction is not random

Question 22

How old is the earth?

Answer 22

4.5 billion years

Question 23

What is the name of oldest form of life and how old is it?

Answer 23

Archaea and Bacteria
3.6 billion years old

Question 24

What are the main groups of organisms and where do they get their energy?

Answer 24

The main groups are Kingdom Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. Plantae get their energy from light (photosynthesis), Fungi get theirs from decompose (Heterotrophic: secrete digestive enzyme and absorb nutrients) and Animalia get their energy from another animal

Question 25

how many tissue layers are there and what are they?

Answer 25

There are 3 tissue layers: Ectoderm (outer layer: gives rise to skin like nervous s. and sense organs), Mesoderm (middle later: gives rise to muscles, excretory organs and circulatory organs), and Endoderm (inner layer: lines the digestive and respiratory organs)

Question 26

What are the types of tissues?

Answer 26

Epithelial,Connective, Muscles and Nervous

Question 27

Define Epithelial tissue

Answer 27

Tightly packed sheets of cells that cover organs. Functions to protect, secretion and absorb. Lines all the organs.

Question 28

Define Connective tissue

Answer 28

• Loosely organized tissue that holds organs in place and pads skin
• Adipose (fat) tissue, that insulates and protect organ and store energy
• Blood, Bone
• Cartilage: secretes substances to form matrix, shock absorption

Question 29

Define Muscle tissues

Answer 29

Composed of long, thin cylindrical cells called muscle fibers. Fibers contain proteins, actin and myosin and slide on each other and make things shorter.
Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth muscle.

Question 30

Skeletal muscle

Answer 30

Made of long filaments and when they contract they become shorter. Biceps

Question 31

Cardiac muscle

Answer 31

Involuntary, that they don’t need a signal like the heart

Question 32

Smooth muscle

Answer 32

In the intestines, they can contract for a long time.

Question 33

Define Nervous tissue

Answer 33

Composed of neurons that conduct and transmit electrical impulses, Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves

Question 34

What is homeostasis?

Answer 34

The ability to maintain a consistent internal environment under changing conditions

Question 35

What is Endotherms and Ectotherms?

Answer 35

Endotherms are organisms that are able to maintain internal body temperatures warmer than the environment like mammals and birds
Ectotherms are organisms that obtain their body temperature by absorbing it from their surrounding environment like fish, amphibians and reptiles

Question 36

What is osmoregulation?

Answer 36

The maintenance of salt and water balance
Balance of digestive and excretory systems in the human body

Question 37

What is the function of the liver in the circulatory and digestive system?

Answer 37

Circulatory system: Blood clotting factors, Detoxify harmful substances in the blood
Digestive system: Produces bile and metabolize and store nutrients

Question 38

What does the kidney do?

Answer 38

Filters ions (potassium and sodium) and toxins from the blood into the urine

Question 39

How do yo stop drug resistance?

Answer 39

Maintain drug therapy for months and have a combination of drugs (drug cocktail)