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biochem 501 > unit 3 exam > Flashcards

unit 3 exam Flashcards

1
Q

what compounds are consumed and produced in glycolysis

A

2 ATP consumed, 4 ATP produced, 2 NADH produced

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2
Q

What are the payoff steps of glycolysis?

A

oxidizing glyceraldehyde (energy stored in phosphate bond and NADH)
energy from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

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3
Q

How many kinases are involved in glycolysis?

A

3

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4
Q

How is phosphofructokinase regulated and what does it do?

A

when there are high levels of ATP, fatty acids inhibit the enzyme
when there are high levels of AMP, ADP stimulates the enzyme
catalyzes phosphorylation

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5
Q

If an enzyme pathway is blocked, which compound will accumulate?

A

the compound before the largest positive change in free energy

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6
Q

What are the 2 pathways of fermentation?

A

glucose–>pyruvate–>lactate
glucose–>pyruvate–>aldehyde–>ethanol

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7
Q

In anaerobic conditions:
Which step generates NADH?
Which step generates NAD+?

A

NADH generated going from glucose to pyruvate because consumes NAD+ to drive reaction
NAD+ generated going from aldehyde to the ethanol

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8
Q

What drives the citric acid cycle?

A

reduction of NAD+

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9
Q

How many steps of the citric acid cycle form CO2?

A

2

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10
Q

How many steps of the citric acid cycle involve oxidation?

A

4

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11
Q

What regulates citrate synthase?

A

ATP and NADH

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12
Q

What do dehydrogenases do?

A

catalyze oxidation

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13
Q

What are the signs of a thiamine deficiency?

A

decreased activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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14
Q

function of complex I of pyruvate dehydrogenase and its key component

A

catalyzes oxidation of NADH and reduction of UQ
- pumps 4 H+
- key component is thiamine

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15
Q

function of complex II of pyruvate dehydrogenase and its key component

A

catalyzes oxidation of succinate and reduction of UQ
- only membrane inserted enzyme
- no pumping of H+
- key component is lipoic acid

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16
Q

function of complex III of pyruvate dehydrogenase and its key component

A

oxidizes ubiquinol and reduces cyt C
- 4 H+ pumped for every 2 electrons transferred to cyt c
- key component is FAD

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17
Q

What is cytochrome c?

A

a protein that shuttles between complexes III and IV

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18
Q

function of complex IV of pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

catalyzes reduction of O2–>H2O
- 4 electron reduction
- accumulates the 4 electrons from cyt c
- pumps 2 H+/every 2 electrons or 4 H+/each O2

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19
Q

Why can pyruvate dehydrogenase have the same complex III as alpha-KG dehydrogenase?

A

They have identical substrates and products

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20
Q

What does decarboxylation do?

A

removes a CO2

21
Q

When considering standard reduction potentials, which compound will be reduced?

A

The compound with the more positive standard reduction potential

22
Q

What role does light energy play in photosynthesis?

A

used to dissociate water into O2, protons, and high energy electrons

23
Q

What do amino transferases do?

A

catalyze synthesis of aspartate and alpha-KG

24
Q

Where does arginine–>ornithine catalysis take place?

A

the urea cycle

25
Q

Why do electrons transported from FADH2 to the electron transport chain produce fewer ATP than electrons transported into complex I from NADH?

A

because FADH2 enters at complex II which does not pump protons

26
Q

What does DNP do?

A

increases rate of NADH oxidation
increases rate of citric acid cycle
can decrease ATP production
*** oxygen consumption unaffected, electron transfer unaffected

27
Q

characteristics of ubiquinone

A

soluble in membranes
accepts electrons from complex I
accepts electrons from complex II

28
Q

citric acid cycle functions

A

form intermediates like alpha-KG that can be used for amino acid synthesis
generate NADH and FADH2
substrate level phosphorylation of GDP to GTP

29
Q

why is the conversion of malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH favorable?

A

concentration of oxaloacetate extremely low relative to malate

30
Q

carnitine purpose

A

essential for transport of fatty acids across mitochondrial membrane

31
Q

urea cycle components

A

amino acids undergo transamination to form glutamate and alpha keto acids
alanine carries ammonia from skeletal muscle to liver
glutamate combines with ammonia to form glutamine which travels to liver through blood stream

32
Q

characteristics of mitochondrial electron transport

A

generates most reactive oxygen species and may contribute to aging

33
Q

functions of ATP synthase

A

catalyze hydrolysis/synthesis of ATP
certain subunits rotate during synthesis/hydrolysis
release of ATP requires proton gradient

34
Q

calvin cycle function

A

NADPH and ATP used to reduce C-O bonds

35
Q

What decreases energy density?

A

increasing percentage oxidized bonds

36
Q

mitochondria processes

A

citric acid cycle
reduction of O2–>H2O
fatty acid oxidation

37
Q

how do the pyruvate and alpha-KG dehydrogenase complexes preserve energy?

A

in a thiol ester bond to co-enzyme A

38
Q

how is light energy transported out of chloroplast in eukaryotic plant cells?

A

as chemical energy in dihydroxy acetone phosphate

39
Q

How many acetyl co-A, NADH, and FADH2 formed from a 12 carbon fatty acid

A

6 acetyl co-A
5 NADH
5FADH2

40
Q

what is ATP used for in the urea cycle?

A

creates a high energy intermediate from bicarbonate so that adding ammonia to the bicarbonate is favorable

41
Q

glycolysis reactions

A

NAD+–>NADH
PEP+ADP–>ATP
1,3-bis+ADP–>ATP

42
Q

which compound produces the most energy if completely oxidized to CO2

A

ethanol

43
Q

how much acetyl CoA is formed from 1 glucose going through the glycolysis dehydrogenase complex

A

2 acetyl CoA

44
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase path

A

pyruvate–>lipoic acid–>FADH2–>NADH

45
Q

how much CO2, NADH, and FADH2 is produced each turn of the citric acid cycle

A

2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2

46
Q

what are the net gains of oxidizing the acetate of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle

A

NADH, CO2, GTP

47
Q

compounds in urea cycle

A

aspartate, ATP, carbamoyl phosphate

48
Q

what is the final electron acceptor of electron transport in the mitochondria?

A

O2

biochem 501 (4 decks)

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