Unit 3 - Final Exam

Question 1

Fitness or exercise training can provide _______ recovery from the stressor once it is ____________.

Answer 1

faster, no longer present

Question 2

Shorter duration of the stress response can reduce the ___________ and overall wear and tear of the body/brain.

Answer 2

allostatic load

Question 3

According to the appraisal aspects of toughness, stressors are seen as __________, leading to reduced anxiety.

Answer 3

challenges

Question 4

According to the neuroendocrine aspects of toughness, increase release of catecholamines leads to more __________, the reduced cortical response minimizes negative effects on _______, and there is quicker recovery post-stress due to the efficient __________ regulation.

Answer 4

energy mobilization, health, HPA axis

Question 5

State of successful performance of mental function that results in productive activities, fulfilling relationships, and ability to adapt to change & cope with adversity (resilience)

Answer 5

mental health

Question 6

Collectively, all diagnosable mental disorders, which are health conditions characterized by altered thought, mood, behavior associated with distress and/or impaired function.

Answer 6

Mental Illness

Question 7

What percentage of US adults suffer from some type of mental health problem in a given year?

Answer 7

20-25%

Question 8

What percentage of US adults suffer from some type of anxiety disorder in a given year?

Answer 8

16%

Question 9

What is the prevalence of depression in US adults?

Answer 9

8-9%

Question 10

According to Stevens (1988), self-reported PA is associated with better ___________.

Answer 10

mental health

Question 11

According to Goodwin (2003), greater self-reported PA is associated with reduced chances of having __________ disorder.

Answer 11

anxiety

Question 12

According to deMoor et al. (2006), exercisers in twin studies had lower trait ________ than non-exercisers.

Answer 12

anxiety

Question 13

Strohle et al. (2007) stated that physical activity is associated with long-term reduction of __________ symptoms .

Answer 13

anxiety

Question 14

Jonsdottir et al. (2010) found that physical activity is associated with long-term reduction of anxiety symptoms and lower risk of high ________-.

Answer 14

stress

Question 15

Allen et al. (2019) found that sedentary behavior is associated with increased risk of _______ symptoms, so decreasing sedentary behavior could prevent symptoms from becoming a _________.

Answer 15

anxiety, disorder

Question 16

________ individuals are shown to have less anxiety.

Answer 16

physically fit

Question 17

________ levels of anxiety decrease following chronic activity.

Answer 17

trait

Question 18

Evidence supports _________ as a buffer against anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders.

Answer 18

physical activity

Question 19

What is the “optimal” dosage in terms of type, frequency, intensity, and duration needed for anxiety reduction?

Answer 19

none; anything works

Question 20

Initially low-fit, highly anxious individuals have the ________ to gain from physical activity.

Answer 20

most

Question 21

Martinsen et al. (1989) found that ____ weeks of both anaerobic and aerobic training resulted in psychological improvements in patients with anxiety disorders.

Answer 21

8

Question 22

Sexton et al. (1989) found that 8 weeks of aerobic training reduced anxiety & depression, indicating that __________ fitness levels are associated with __________ anxiety and vigorous exercise is not necessary for improvements.

Answer 22

greater, lower

Question 23

Broocks et al. (1998) found that 10 weeks of aerobic training for patients with _______ disorders found to be as effective as drug treatments & placebo.

Answer 23

panic

Question 24

Merom et al. (2008) found that ______ and ________ combined are found to reduce anxiety and depression in those with social phobias.

Answer 24

CBT, exercise

Question 25

Guadlitz et al. (2015) found that psychotherapy is more effective when combined with _________.

Answer 25

exercise

Question 26

Broman-Fulks et al. (2008) found that exercise causes similar symptoms to __________, which shows individuals they shouldn't be afraid.

Answer 26

anxiety

Question 27

Rosenbaum et al. (2014) found that regular exercisers had a reduced risk of developing _________.

Answer 27

PTSD

Question 28

Stein & Craske (2017) study "Stepped Care Should Be Stepped Up When Needed" found that physical activity is __________ and _________, so it should be the first intervention for anxiety.

Answer 28

cost-effective, accessible

Question 29

Anxiety is _________ following aerobic exercise.

Answer 29

reduced

Question 30

Anxiety seems to _________ slightly following resistance exercise, but this could be mistaken due to increased arousal.

Answer 30

increases

Question 31

State anxiety is improved by _______ exercise.

Answer 31

acute

Question 32

__________ anxiety is increased by chronic exercise.

Answer 32

trait

Question 33

deVries _________ effect of exercise explains that the effects of exercise seem to last longer than anxiety-reducing treatments.

Answer 33

tranquilizer

Question 34

The ________ effect states that 20 minutes of moderate intensity exercise leads to anxiety reduction and that higher intensities increase anxiety/tension.

Answer 34

dose-response

Question 35

The _________ hypothesis states that elevated body temperatures resulting from exercise can lead to reduced anxiety.

Answer 35

thermogenic

Question 36

The __________ hypothesis exercise provides distraction from normal routine.

Answer 36

distraction/time-out

Question 37

The _________ hypothesis states that those with elevated anxiety or anxiety disorders respond to PA with increased pleasantness.

Answer 37

Core Affect

Question 38

How effective are pharmacological treatments for anxiety and depression?

Answer 38

30%

Question 39

Goodwin (2003) found that regularly active participants are _______ likely to be diagnosed with MDD.

Answer 39

less

Question 40

Choi et al. (2019) found that exercise decreased the risk of developing depression for individuals with ________ risk.

Answer 40

genetic

Question 41

Currier et al. (2020) found that 1 hour of _________ activity decreases depressive symptoms.

Answer 41

vigorous

Question 42

Galper et al. (2006) found that active participants had ________ symptoms of depression.

Answer 42

fewer

Question 43

Mammen & Faulkner (2013) found that PA was at least 1-2 times a week had a ______% reduction in risk and that reducing PA caused an increasing risk.

Answer 43

40

Question 44

Farmer et al. (1988) found that sedentary behavior caused a ____ times greater likelihood of depressive symptoms.

Answer 44

two

Question 45

Mobily et al. (1996) found that older individuals had greater depressive symptoms, but ________ decreased depressive symptoms.

Answer 45

walking

Question 46

Gudmundsson et al. (2015) found that greater baseline depression reported was associated with ____ exercise behavior.

Answer 46

less

Question 47

McDowell et al. (2018) found that moderate-to-high amounts of MVPA was associated with _______ risk of depression.

Answer 47

lower

Question 48

__________ exercise frequency is associated with fewer self-reported symptoms of depression.

Answer 48

greater

Question 49

_____ minutes of exercise per week acts as protection against depression

Answer 49

60

Question 50

Greater amount of sedentary time leads to _________ symptoms of depression.

Answer 50

greater

Question 51

Depression causes a greater risk of __________.

Answer 51

inactivity

Question 52

How long do exercise programs need to be to result in reduction in depression?

Answer 52

at least 4 times a week for 6-12 weeks

Question 53

Greist et al. (1979) found that __________ is as effective as psychotherapy in patients with minor clinical depression.

Answer 53

running

Question 54

Martinsen et al. (1985) & Singh et al. (1997) found that ______ intensity exercise decreases depressive symptoms.

Answer 54

high

Question 55

Dunn et al. (2005) found that public health dose of exercise caused depression ___________ for some patients.

Answer 55

remission

Question 56

Blumenthal et al. (1999)'s SMILE study found that exercise showed similar results to __________ in depressed patients.

Answer 56

medication

Question 57

Hoffman et al. (2007)'s SMILE II Study found that _____ minutes of exercise improved fully remitted patients by improving their aerobic capacity and VO2max.

Answer 57

180

Question 58

Rethorts & Trivedi (2021) found that exercise combined with _______ can decreased needed medication level and time.

Answer 58

therapy

Question 59

The __________ hypothesis uses the evolutionary perspective to explain we are genetically predisposed to be physically active, according to Johnsgard (1989).

Answer 59

antropological

Question 60

Which hypothesis for explaining the exercise-depression relationship relies on changes in neuropeptides?

Answer 60

Endocannabinoid Hypothesis

Question 61

What is the definition of emotional well-being?

Answer 61

positive affect is greater than negative affect combined with favorable thoughts

Question 62

Immediate, temporary states of feelings high in intensity and followed by appraisal.

Answer 62

emotions

Question 63

Long-lasting states of feeling low in intensity following appraisal

Answer 63

moods

Question 64

Most basic element of all unpleasant and pleasant states of feeling that are always present and vary in intensity.

Answer 64

affect

Question 65

General measures of affect may not capture the unique _________ associated with exercise.

Answer 65

emotional experiences

Question 66

In the circumplex model the __________ and __________ axises interconnect to create low/high activated pleasant/unpleasant states.

Answer 66

activation, valence

Question 66

After exercises there is typically __________ in positively valanced affective states and _________ in negative affective states following high-intensity exercise.

Answer 66

increases, increases

Question 66

In the _________ approach to studying affect affective states are interrelated and can be studied by looking at certain number of dimensions.

Answer 66

Dimensional

Question 66

Increased intensity and longer duration leads to ______ positive/ _________ negative affective valence.

Answer 66

less, more

Question 67

The __________ refers to the fact that as you increase intensity of exercise, your body produces greater amounts of lactate which eventually cumulate in your body.

Answer 67

lactate threshold

Question 68

The lactate threshold is correlated with the shift in feeling state from pleasant to unpleasant during exercise, known as the _______________ shift.

Answer 68

feeling-state

Question 69

Low to moderate intensity exercise leads to a _________ activated pleasant or _________ pleasant affective response.

Answer 69

low, homogenous

Question 70

Moderate to vigorous exercise leads to a _______ or _________ pleasant affective state, or ___________ affective state.

Answer 70

less, more, heterogenous

Question 71

High intensity exercise leads to a less ________ in affective response.

Answer 71

variability

Question 72

During exercise, high intensity intervals lead to a ________ affect while low-intensity recovery intervals lead to a ________ affect.

Answer 72

negative, positive

Question 73

Low intensity exercise usually leads to a steady ___________ affect during and after exercise.

Answer 73

positive

Question 74

Moderate-intensity exercise causes an increasing _________ affect.

Answer 74

positive

Question 75

High-intensity continuous exercise (HICE) causes a more _________ affect during exercise, which can deter adherence.

Answer 75

negative

Question 76

High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has a _________ affect during high effort intervals, but _________ phases that cause relief.

Answer 76

negative, recovery

Question 77

Exercise stimulates the release of neurotransmitters (e.g., endorphins, dopamine, norepinephrine) causing stress reduction and happiness

Answer 77

neurotransmitter release

Question 78

Enhanced blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscles and the brain can cause feelings of energy and vitality

Answer 78

Cardiovascular and Muscular Feedback

Question 79

High intensity exercise can cause discomfort due to lactate buildup, causing negative affect during the activity but leads to positive post-exercise feelings due to physiological recovery

Answer 79

Lactate and Metabolic Accumulation

Question 80

Manipulation of attentional exercise (such as music) causes an enhanced _________ affect and an attenuated ________ affect.

Answer 80

positive, negative

Question 81

A positive experience in a recent workout will build momentum, while a negative one will cause setback.

Answer 81

recency effect

Question 82

How individuals feel at the end of the workout shapes their memory of the session

Answer 82

end-of-session effect

Question 83

How you feel at the end of the exercise bout

Answer 83

End rule

Question 84

The most extreme feeling you had during exercise is most important

Answer 84

peak rule

Question 85

How your feelings changed during the bout of exercise

Answer 85

Slope of change

Question 86

ability to perceive, recognize, or understand thoughts and ideas

Answer 86

cognitive function

Question 87

Health and function of the brain's blood vessels, including the ability to deliver oxygen and nutrients to brain tissues

Answer 87

cerebrovascular function

Question 88

the performance of the heart and systematic blood vessels in maintaining blood flow and pressure throughout the body, including the brain

Answer 88

cardiovascular function

Question 89

__________ function impacts cerebrovascular health because the brain relies on a steady adequate blood supply.

Answer 89

Cardiovascular

Question 90

Greater __________ fitness leads to greater cerebrovascular and cardiovascular health

Answer 90

cardiorespiratory fitness

Question 91

Cardiovascular gaining causes a decline in cardiovascular health, increasing the risk of _________ and _______ decline.

Answer 91

cerebrovascular, cognitive

Question 92

Cerebrovascular aging causes cerebral blood flow to __________.

Answer 92

decrease

Question 93

As we age, white and gray matter ____________ while ventricular size ___________.

Answer 93

decreases, increases

Question 94

As we age, our atrophy ___________ causes __________ in cognitive performance.

Answer 94

increases, decreases

Question 95

As we age, our brain volume _________ causing a __________ in cognitive function.

Answer 95

decreases, decrease

Question 96

As we age, we have __________ activation of brain regions.

Answer 96

less

Question 97

What kind of cognitive processes seem to improve to the greatest extent as a result of chronic exercise intervention?

Answer 97

executive, higher order

Question 98

Children are becoming more ________, causing increased prevalence of obesity and sedentary adulthood.

Answer 98

sedentary

Question 99

Younger generations are living __________ and ______ healthy lives than their parents.

Answer 99

shorter, less

Question 100

Increasing exercise in children causes _________ cognitive functioning.

Answer 100

better

Question 101

More physical fitness in children leads to ________ academic achievement.

Answer 101

more

Question 102

Fit children have higher ___________ brains.

Answer 102

functioning

Question 103

Bahrke & Morgan found that 20 minutes of treadmill walk, meditation, and sitting in a chair in a soundproof room all showed the same reduction in ___________ due to distraction.

Answer 103

state anxiety

Question 104

Blumenthal used the _________ study to find that exercise alleviates ________ symptoms in clinically diagnosed individuals.

Answer 104

SMILE, depressive

Question 105

deVries used EMG to find that an acute bout of exercise results in reduction of muscle ________ better than anti-anxiety medication (tranquilizer effect).

Answer 105

tension

Question 106

Dienstbier found that exercise causes a greater capacity for __________ response and delayed ________ response. He created the _________ model.

Answer 106

catecholamine, cortisol, physiological toughness

Question 107

The __________ model states that repeated exercise over a regular amount of time can lead to a pattern of physiological toughness, reducing the allostatic load.

Answer 107

physiological toughness

Question 108

Ekkekakis found that when people exerted energy below the threshold, there was homogenous ___________ affect, but when intensity of exercises is too high, homogenous __________ affect occurred.

Answer 108

pleasantness, unpleasantness

Question 109

James found that exercise is linked with ___________ changes. He was one of the most significant psychologists.

Answer 109

physiological

Question 110

Johnsgard found that exercise can be a treatment in clinical psychology, fueling the ___________ hypothesis as an explanation for anxiety and depression reduction due to exercise.

Answer 110

anthropological

Question 111

Kramer found that exercise had positive effects on _______, such as executive control tasks, inhibiting distraction, task-switching, and reaction time.

Answer 111

cognition

Question 112

Morgan started the __________ aspects of exercise and found that people that are depressed are not physically fit. However, when exercise ________, fitness _________, and depression __________.

Answer 112

psychological, increased, increased, decreased

Question 113

Thayer studied behaviors to regulate how we feel. He found that exercise can have a _________ effect.

Answer 113

energizing