Unit 3 - Final Review

Question 1

Allele frequency

Answer 1

rate of occurrence of a particular allele in a population for a particular gene.

Question 2

The total number of alleles in a population is…

Answer 2

twice the number of individuals

Question 3

Hardy weinberg says that there are 2 competing factors that characterize populations:

Answer 3

The tendency to remain stable and the tendency toward variability

Question 4

Genetic equilibrium under hardy weinberg requires:

Answer 4

Large populations
Random mating
No mutations
No migration
Equal viability of all genotypes (no natural selection)

Question 5

when starting hardy-weinberg calculations…

Answer 5

always start by calculating q

Question 6

Founder effect

Answer 6

few individuals from a large population leave to establish a new population.

Question 7

bottleneck effect

Answer 7

population size is drastically reduced due to environmental event

Question 8

Speciation

Answer 8

process by which new species originate

Question 9

Species

Answer 9

group of similar organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 10

Geographic isolation

Answer 10

physical obstables that prevent gene flow causing two groups to evolve differently.

Question 11

Reproductive isolation

Answer 11

when organisms can no longer reproduce together, even if physical barriers are removed.

Question 12

Population

Answer 12

individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

Question 13

Community

Answer 13

all species that occupy a given area

Question 14

Ecosystem

Answer 14

biotic and abiotic components of a specific area

Question 15

Interspecific

Answer 15

how one population interacts with another population

Question 16

Intraspecific

Answer 16

how individuals of one species interact with each other.

Question 17

Ecological Niche

Answer 17

a population’s role in the community (feeding habits, prey, # of offspring,..)

Question 18

Population Density

Answer 18

number of organisms in a defined area

Question 19

Clumped Dispersion

Answer 19

individuals are grouped in patches or aggregations.
resources are likely unevenly distributed.

Question 20

Random Dispersions:

Answer 20

biotic/abiotic factors have little affect; neither an attraction nor repulsion among members.
Habitat likely has abundant resources

Question 21

Uniform Dispersions

Answer 21

competition among individuals for moisture, nutrients, light, space, etc.
Area has limited resources.

Question 22

Growth rate:

Answer 22

how quickly a population is increasing or decreasing

Question 23

Per capita growth rate:

Answer 23

average growth rate per individual

Question 24

Dynamic equilibrium/steady state:

Answer 24

how populations adjust to changes in environment to maintain equilibrium

Question 25

4 phases in a growth curve

Answer 25

lag, log/exponential/growth, stationary, death

Question 26

j shaped curve

Answer 26

exponential growth

Question 27

s shaped curve

Answer 27

logistic growth

Question 28

S shaped curves....

Answer 28

level off due to the carrying capacity (K). when the curve levels off, dynamic equilibrium is reestablished.

Question 29

Biotic potential

Answer 29

the maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under ideal conditions.

Question 30

Biotic potential is regulated by....

Answer 30

1. maximum # of offspring/birth 2. chances offspring will reach reproductive age. 3. procreation: # of times/year organism reproduces 4. maturity: age which reproduction beings

Question 31

Environmental resistance

Answer 31

factors that limit population growth (both biotic and abiotic)

Question 32

Density-dependent

Answer 32

(biotic) factors brought on by population size that may limit further growth/reduce population

Question 33

when do density dependent factors have the greatest impact?

Answer 33

Impacts greatest with increasing population size and density --> greater intraspecific competition.

Question 34

Density independent

Answer 34

(abiotic) factors that has the same effect on a population, regardless of size

Question 35

intraspecific competition

Answer 35

between same species. leads to natural selection

Question 36

interspecific competition

Answer 36

between different species. limits biodiversity. causes species to develop a niche.

Question 37

r selected species

Answer 37

j shaped growth curve

Question 38

K selected species

Answer 38

S-shaped growth curve

Question 39

r selected species: reproductions per lifetime

Answer 39

one

Question 40

interference competition

Answer 40

involves aggression for the same resource

Question 41

Exploitative competition

Answer 41

consumption of shared resources. using up resources to prevent others from using it.

Question 42

Competitive exclusion (Gause’s Principle)

Answer 42

if two populations of organisms occupy the same ecological niche, one of the populations will be eliminated.

Question 43

resource partitioning

Answer 43

species split up resources, use at a different place or time; no competition. can prevent gause's principle.

Question 44

Mimicry

Answer 44

organism develops similar colour pattern, behaviour, etc. that has provided another organism a survival advantage

Question 45

camoflauge

Answer 45

used to avoid predators

Question 46

Structural adaptations:

Answer 46

change in the physical appearance of an organism

Question 47

Physiological adaptations

Answer 47

change in internal and cellular features of organisms

Question 48

Coevolution:

Answer 48

two different species exert selective pressures on each other to evolve

Question 49

Symbiosis:

Answer 49

relationships between two individuals of different species

Question 50

Social parasitism:

Answer 50

E.g. Cowbirds use another bird's nest to rear her offspring; abdicates parental responsibility e.g. Ants invade other ant colonies and conscript them into a life of slavery

Question 51

Succession:

Answer 51

gradual changes in vegetation from a pioneer community to a climax community

Question 52

Primary succession:

Answer 52

no community existed before

Question 53

Secondary succession:

Answer 53

results following a destructive event (e.g. forest fire)

Question 54

Pioneer species

Answer 54

1st to arrive, hardy plants, able to resist direct sun. Their dead bodies provide the initial soil. (e.g. lichen, weeds, grasses, etc.)

Question 55

Seral/intermediate species

Answer 55

have longer life cycles. Can tolerate fluctuations. Require more nutrients and water. Shade stops undergrowth (e.g. shrubs, softwood trees)

Question 56

Climax

Answer 56

can tolerate shade, longest lifecycles, high sapling survival rates → stabilizes environment (e.g. hardwood trees)