unit 3 flashcards
(37 cards)
revolution
a forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favor of a new system.
criteria for a revolution
all revolutions contain a common set of elements at their core efforts to change the political regime that draw on a competing vision (or visions) of a just order, a notable degree of informal or formal mass mobilization, and (c) efforts to force change through
tragic necessity
a suffering of greatness just to meet the ends meet to afford everything you need
renaissance
a period in European civilization that was marked by a revival of Classical learning and wisdom.
humanism
intellectual movement typified by a revived interest in the classical world and studies which focussed not on religion but on what it is to be human.
classical scholarship
the close study of literary texts by critics active in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds.
secularism
a worldview or political principle that separates religion from other realms of human existence,
individualism
the habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant.
Christian humanism
a philosophy advocating the self-fulfillment of humanity within the framework of Christian principles.
Leonardo da vinci
he was known for dramatic and expressive artwork,
Protestant Reformation
a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s.
martin luther
German theologian, professor, pastor, and church reformer
95 Theses
Ninety-five Theses, propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written (in Latin) and possibly posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Schlosskirche (Castle Church), Wittenberg, on October 31, 1517. This event came to be considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Catholic Reformation
efforts in the 16th and early 17th centuries to oppose the Protestant Reformation and reform the Catholic church
indulgence
(in the Roman Catholic Church) a grant by the Pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still due for sins after absolution. The unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners was a widespread abuse during the later Middle Ages
95 theses
Ninety-five Theses, propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written (in Latin) and possibly posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Schlosskirche (Castle Church), Wittenberg, on October 31, 1517. This event came to be considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation
scientific revolution
an emphasis on abstract reasoning, quantitative thought, an understanding of how nature works, the view of nature as a machine, and the development of an experimental scientific method.
scientific method
the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation.
ptolemy
his controversial geocentric theory of the universe
Nicolaus Copernicus
put forth the theory that the Sun is at rest near the center of the Universe, and that the Earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the Sun
Galileo Galilei
pioneered the experimental scientific method and was the first to use a refracting telescope to make important astronomical discoveries
Sir Isaac Newton
formulated laws of motion and gravitation.
king louis xvi
he caused the outbreak of the French Revolution and the end of Versailles’ royal era.
Marie antoinette
Austrian princess and the wife of King Louis XVI
