unit 3 - glossary of terms

Question 1

biological factors

Answer 1

-Are factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing.
-Such as genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, birth weight.

Question 2

biomedical model of health

Answer 2

-Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness.
-It is a medical model of care practised by doctors and health professionals.
-And is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease.

Question 3

burden of disease

Answer 3

-A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries.
-Specifically, it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.
-Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY).

Question 4

disability adjusted life year (DALY)

Answer 4

-A measure of burden of disease.
-One DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.

Question 5

emotional health and wellbeing

Answer 5

-Relates to the ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express feelings, in a positive way.
-It also includes the ability to display resilience.

Question 6

environmental factors

Answer 6

-The physical surroundings in which people live, work and play.
-Environmental factors include workplaces, housing, roads and geographical access to resources
such as healthcare.

Question 7

food security

Answer 7

-The state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources.

Question 8

health and wellbeing

Answer 8

-Relates to the state of a person’s physical, emotional, mental, social and spiritual existence.
-It is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy,
healthy, capable and engaged.

Question 9

health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

Answer 9

-A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health.
-It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.

Question 10

health promotion

Answer 10

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.

Question 11

health status

Answer 11

An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.

Question 12

illness

Answer 12

Is a subjective concept related to how a person experiences disease.

Question 13

infant mortality

Answer 13

The death of a child between birth and their first birthday.

Question 14

incidence

Answer 14

The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.

Question 15

infant mortality rate (IMR)

Answer 15

The rate of deaths of infants between birth and their first birthday, usually per
1,000 live births.

Question 16

life expectancy

Answer 16

• An indication of how long a person can expect to live.
  -It is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.

Question 17

maternal mortality

Answer 17

The death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or within six weeks of delivery.

Question 18

maternal mortality rate(ratio) (MMR)

Answer 18

The number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy or childbirth per 100,000
live births.

Question 19

mental health and wellbeing

Answer 19

-Relates to the state of a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and
process information.
-Optimal mental health and wellbeing enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic.
-It is associated with low levels of stress and anxiety and positive self-esteem.

Question 20

morbidity

Answer 20

-Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.

Question 21

mortality

Answer 21

Refers to deaths caused by disease, illness or other environmental factor.

Question 22

old public health

Answer 22

-Refers to government actions that focused on changing the physical environment
to prevent the spread of disease.
-These included providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal.
-As well as improved nutrition, housing and work conditions.

Question 23

ottawa charter for health promotion

Answer 23

-An approach to health development by the World Health Organization which
attempts to reduce inequalities in health.
-The Ottawa Charter for Health
Promotion was developed from the social model of health and defines health
promotion as ‘the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to
improve, their health’.
-The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategies for health promotion, which are enabling, mediating, and advocacy.

Question 24

physical health and wellbeing

Answer 24

-Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems.
-It includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities and tasks.

Question 25

prevalence

Answer 25

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

Question 26

self-assessed health status

Answer 26

-A measure based on a person’s own opinion about how they feel about their health and wellbeing, their state of mind and their life in general. -It is commonly sourced from population surveys.

Question 27

social health and wellbeing

Answer 27

-Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others, as well as the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations. -It also includes the level of support provided by family and community.

Question 28

social model of health

Answer 28

-A conceptual framework within which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. -The model is based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed.

Question 29

sociocultural factors

Answer 29

-The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. -These conditions include socioeconomic status, social connections, family and cultural influences, food security, early life experiences, and access to affordable, culturally appropriate healthcare.

Question 30

socioeconomic status

Answer 30

-The social standing of an individual in comparison to others in that society. -It is based on education, income and occupation.

Question 31

spiritual health and wellbeing

Answer 31

-Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics in the minds and conscience of people. -It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning and purpose in life, a sense of connection or belonging, and reflection on a person’s place in the world.

Question 32

under 5 mortality

Answer 32

The death of a child under five years of age.

Question 33

under 5 mortality rate

Answer 33

The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births.

Question 34

years lived with disability (YLD)

Answer 34

-A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to living with illness, injury or disability. -The non-fatal component of burden of disease.

Question 35

Years of life lost (YLL)

Answer 35

-A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death. -The fatal component of burden of disease.