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Biology > Unit 3- infection and response > Flashcards

Unit 3- infection and response Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microorganisms that enter body and cause disease

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2
Q

What are the different types of pathogens

A

Bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi

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3
Q

What is bacteria infection

A

Small cells that produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues, can be killed using antibiotics

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4
Q

What are viruses

A

Not cells, they only reproduce in a host cell, when virus leaves the cell it can cause the cell to burst and die, cannot be killed by antibiotics

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5
Q

What are protists and parasites

A

Single celled eukaryotes.
Parasites live on or inside other organisms and can cause damage. They are often transferred by a vector (insect that carries the protist)

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6
Q

Ways pathogens can spread

A

Water, air , direct contact

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7
Q

What is fungi infections

A

Some are Single celled
Others have a body which is made up of hyphae this will grow and cause diseases

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8
Q

Examples of virus infections

A

Measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic viruses

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9
Q

Example of fungal disease

A

Rose black spot

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10
Q

What is measles

A

Spread by droplets from peoples cough or sneeze
Will develop a red rash and a fever
Can be fatal

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11
Q

What is HIV

A

Sexually transmitted disease

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12
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus

A

Affects plant species
Causes a mosaic pattern on leaves of plant cause discolouration
Means photosynthesis is reduced therefore growth is also reduced

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13
Q

What is Rose black spot

A

Causes purple or black spots on leaves of rose plants
Means less photosynthesis
Spreads through wind and water
Treated by using fungicides and or removing and destroying the affected leaves

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14
Q

Example of protist disease

A

Malaria

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15
Q

What is malaria and what is the vector

A

Vector - mosquitos
Mosquito inserts parasite and infects the body
Can be fatal

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16
Q

Example of bacteria diseases

A

Salmonella, gonorrhoea

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17
Q

What is salmonella

A

food poisoning
Can suffer from vomiting diarrhoea and fever
Caused by toxins

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18
Q

What is gonorrhoea

A

Sexually transmissible disease
Treated with antibiotic like penicillin
Symptoms include discharge and pain when urinating

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19
Q

What happens when a pathogens enters the body

A

1)White blood cell will engulf foreign cells and digest them
2)white blood cells will then produce antibodies to lock onto invading cells ans destroy them
3)produce antitoxins

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20
Q

How does vaccination work

A

-inject a small amount of dead or inactive pathogens
-causes white blood cells to produce antibodies to attack them
-so if the pathogen ever appears again the white blood cells can rapidly produce antibodies to kill off the pathogens

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21
Q

Pros and cons of vaccinations

A

Pros :
-helped control communicable diseases
-big outbreaks of diseases can be prevented if large percentage of population is vaccinated

Cons:
-don’t always work (don’t give your immunity )
-sometimes have a bad reaction to them (fever or seizures)

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22
Q

What do antibiotics do

A

Kill or prevent growth of the bacteria without killing your own body cells.
However they don’t destroy viruses (flu)

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23
Q

What are the stages of drug testing

A

-Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues
-test drug on live animals
-then tested on human volunteers in clinical trial

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24
Q

How does your nose and mucus help fight disease

A

Traps particles that could contain pathogens

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25
What does the trachea and bronchi do to help prevent diseases
Produces mucus
26
What does the stomach do to prevent diseases
Produces hydrochloric acid that kills pathogens that enter stomach
27
What are monoclonal antibodies
The monoclonal antibodies produced from a single of clone of cells are specific to binding site of one specific antigen
28
What animal is used for monoclonal antibodies
Mouse
29
What are antibodies produced by
White blood cells called Lymphocytes
30
Steps of monoclonal antibody
1. Mouse injected with antigen 2. Collect lymphocytes from mouse that make a specific antibodies to antigen 3. Lymphocytes are fused with tumour cell 4. This will create a hybridoma 5. Hybridoma cloned to create many cells that produce antibodies
31
Explain how pregnancy tests work
1. HCG is hormone found in urine of pregnant people 2. Urine travels up stuck and over HCG specific monoclonal antibodies 3. If HCG is present in urine it will bind to the antibodies and a colour change will occur indicating they are pregnant
32
2 ways monoclonal antibodies can be used in diagnosis or treatment of cancer
1. Locates cancer cells so they can be treated and removed 2. Can block chemicals that cause the cancer to divide
33
Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies
Expensive, side effects
34
What is a hybridoma
Cells created during monoclonal antibodies by the fusion of antibodies (specific lymphocytes and tumour cells)
35
What plant was used as a pain killer
Willow Bark
36
How does bacteria pathogens make us ill
Once inside human body they reproduce rapidly They release harmful chemicals called toxins
37
What do toxins do
Damage tissues and make us feel ill
38
How to reduce spread of pathogens
-wash you hands before eating -clean drinking water -use a condom during sexual contact -vaccination
39
What is HIV and symptoms
-flu like illness -immune system becomes damaged so more likely to catch other infections -spread by sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles -patient
40
How is salmonella controlled in the UK
All chickens are vaccinated against salmonella which controls the spread
41
Symptoms of malaria
Fever
42
What is a vector
Something that carries the pathogen from one person to another
43
Ways to stop spread of malaria
Stop mosquitoes breeding in still water so drain ponds Sleep under mosquito net
44
How does the skin prevent pathogens
-outer layer is made up of dead cells so difficult for pathogens to penetrate -produces oily substance called sebum which kills bacteria
45
How does the nose prevent pathogens entering body
Contain hair and mucus, these trap pathogens before entering breathing system
46
Role of immune system
Destroys pathogens and any toxins produced Protects us in case same type of pathogen invades us in the future
47
What is the process of phagocytosis
White blood cells detect chemicals produced by pathogen and moves towards it Then ingests pathogens Enzymes in the phagocyte break down the pathogen and destroy it
48
What are antibodies
Protein molecules produced by white blood cell
49
Role of antibodies
Antibodies stick to pathogens which triggers pathogen to be destroyed Can produce antitoxins which stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging the cell
50
What is a placebo
A tablet or injection with no active drug in it
51
Uses of monoclonal antibodies
-can be used to detect a specific hormone like in pregnancy testing -measure levels of hormones in blood - detect pathogens in the blood -locate specific cells or tissues
52
What does a lack of nitrate ion cause in plants
Stunted growth
53
Why does a lack of nitrate ion cause stunted growth
Nitrate is needed for protein synthesis and therefore growth
54
What does a lack of a magnesium ion cause in plants and why
Causes the condition chlorosis (leaves loose there green colour) because magnesium is required to make chlorophyll
55
Why are some patients given a placebo
To compare effect of treatment versus no treatment
56
What are the 2 types of tumours
Benign and malignant
57
What are benign tumours
Growths of abnormal cells which are found in one area, usually contained within a membrane
58
Main characteristic of a benign tumour
Do not invade other parts of the body they stay in one place
59
Main characteristic of a malignant tumour
Malignant cells invade neighbouring tissues and move into bloodstream, they spread to different parts of the body and form new tumours, they are classed as a cancer
60
What is a secondary tumour
When the malignant cells spread to new parts of the body they form secondary tumours
61
Why do we do clinical tests before they can be used by public
-to check for side effects -to check dosage -to check it is safe
62
How does salmonella cause vomiting and diarrhoea
Release toxins
63
How do trachea and bronchi prevent infection
-trachea have hairs called cilia -these waft their and hairs and move mucus and pathogen upwards towards the throat where it is swallowed into stomach
64
Uses of monoclonal antibodies
-For diagnosis such as in pregnancy tests. -In laboratories to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens. -In research to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye. -To treat some diseases: for cancer the monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing. It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.
65
How to detect plant disease
-stunted growth -spots of leaves -areas of decay -growths -malformed stems of leaves -discolouration -presence of pests
66
How can plant disease identification be made
-reference to a gardening manual or website -taking infected omanis to a laboratory to identify the pathogen -using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies
67
What is a double blind trial
neither the participants nor the researchers are aware which group has been given the drug and which group has been given the placebo
68
Defence systems in plants
Physical = cellulose for cell wall, tough waxy cuticle layer, layers of dead cells around stems in bark which fall off Chemical = antibacterial chemicals, poison to deter herbivores Mechanical = thorns and hairs to deter animals, leaves which droop or curl when touched, mimicry to trick animals
69
Advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies
A= only bind to cell that needs treatment doesn’t affect healthy cells, treats wide range of conditions D=unwanted side effects so not as wide,y used by doctors as originally thought, ethical issues= use of animals in process, expensive
70
What plant produced the drug digitalis
Foxglove
71
How to prevent against different pathogens
Salmonella= vaccinate poultry Gonorrhoea and HIV = condom -rose black spot = using fungicides or removing affected leaves -malaria = mosquito nets
72
What do antibiotics do
Damage bacterial cell without damaging the host cell, viruses cannot be killed as they reproduce inside the host cell

Biology (8 decks)

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