Unit 3: Infectious Diseases and STIs

Question 1

State the name of the process in which infectious diseases are transmitted.

Name each link and state the example of the Flu

Answer 1

Chain of infection

pathogen: microorganism that causes disease - HIV, cold, influenza

reservoir: the natural environment that the pathogen lives in - Human

portal of exit: the way that the pathogen leaves the reservoir - saliva blood, nose and throat discharges (sneezing, coughing)

means of transmission: how the pathogen is passes from original to new host -

direct: sneezing and discharging infectious particles into air, inhaled by someone nearby

indirect: mosquitoes

portal of entry: the way that the pathogen enters a new host - pathogens entering through a lesion in the skin

new host - 2nd human

Question 2

What are the components of the 1st line of defense against infection?

How does mucous and cilia work together?

Answer 2

Skin, mucous membranes, cilia, elevated body temperature

Mucous traps pathogens, and cilia sweep them out.

Question 3

What is the 2nd line of defense against infection?

What do they do in regard to pathogens?

Answer 3

Immune cells

Recognize pathogens as foreign due to antigens and may destroy them depending on type of cell.

Question 4

Name the five types of white blood cells.

Explain where each is found and what they do.

Answer 4

• Neutrophils: travel in bloodstream, attack and ingest pathogens
• Macrophages: stationed in tissues, devour pathogens and worn-out cells
• Natural killer cells: develop in bone marrow and other places, directly destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells
• Dendritic cells: reside in tissues, eat pathogens and activate lymphocytes
• Lymphocytes: found in bloodstream and lymphatic system, destroy and recognize virally infected

Question 5

What are the 2 main types of lymphocytes and what do they do?

Answer 5

T-cells: recognize and kill virally infected
B-cells: produce antibodies which bind and stick to antigens

Question 6

What are antibodies?

Answer 6

Proteins that recognize foreign substances and neutralize them

Question 7

Describe the inflammatory response.

What are some effects?

Answer 7

Response towards injury or infection

Special cells in area of invasion or injury release histamine, causing blood vessels to dilate and fluid to flow out of capillaries into injured tissue

• Produces increased heat, swelling and redness
• WBC drawn to area and attack invaders (sometimes there’s pus, a collection of dead WBC and debris)

Question 8

What are the two types of immune response?

Explain both.

Answer 8

• Natural (innate) response
• Acquired (adaptive) response

Natural
* neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells recognize pathogens and eat/destroy them

• have no memory of past infections, have same response no matter how many times a pathogen invades

Acquired
* T and B cells change, developing emmory for antigen
* If body is invaded again, they recognize the pathogen and scale to a much mroe potent response

Question 9

Which white blood cells are involved in the cell-mediated response?

Answer 9

T cells

Question 10

Which white blood cells are involved in the antibody-mediated (humoral) response?

Answer 10

Macrophages and B cells.

Question 11

What are the six major types of pathogens?

Answer 11

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Parasitic worms
• Prions

Question 12

Describe bacterial pathogens.

What type of cells? Most are _?

Answer 12

Single-celled organisms, mostly safe, approximately 1% are harmful.

Question 13

How do bacterial pathogens cause harm?

Answer 13

By releasing toxins/enzymes.

Question 14

What is usually used to treat bacterial infections?

Answer 14

Antibiotics.

Question 15

What are examples of bacterial diseases?

Answer 15

Meningitis, orchitis, UTIs

Question 16

What is meningitis?

State some symptoms.

Answer 16

infection of meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

fever, confusion, stiff neck

Question 17

What is orchitis?

State some symptoms.

Answer 17

Penile infection

redness, irritation, pain during urination/intercourse

Question 18

What are UTIs

State some symptoms.

Answer 18

Urinary Tract Infections

burning, fever, blood in urine

Question 19

Describe viral pathogens.

Answer 19

Infectious agents consisting of a protein enclosing DNA/RNA.

Question 20

What is usually used to treat viral infections?

Answer 20

Antiviral drugs.

Question 21

What are some examples of viral diseases?

Answer 21

Common cold, flu, hepatitis

Question 22

What are symptoms of the common cold?

Answer 22

Runny nose, cough, sore throat.

Question 23

Describe the flu in terms of mutation

Answer 23

High rate of mutation

Question 24

What is hepatitis?

What are symptoms? How is it transmitted?

Answer 24

Inflammation of the liver

Symptoms: high fever, jaundice (yellow skin)

Hep A/E transmitted through water
Hep B/C/D transmitted through hanky

Question 25

What do fungal pathogens to its host? | What does this cause?

Answer 25

Absorb nutrients from the host | Causes cell damage

Question 26

What is an example of a fungal infection and its symptoms? | (type of yeast infection)

Answer 26

Candidiasis: itching, burning, discharge.

Question 27

How do protozoan pathogens destroy cells?

Answer 27

By releasing enzymes/toxins.

Question 28

State examples of protozoan pathogens

Answer 28

* Trichomoniasis * Malaria

Question 29

What is trichomoniasis?

Answer 29

Vaginal yeast infection

Question 30

Describe what parasitic worms do to their host?

Answer 30

Attack tissues/organs and compete for nutrients

Question 31

# Parasitic worms What are examples of portals of entry?

Answer 31

* Consumption of infected food and water * Enter by burrowing through skin

Question 32

What are examples of parasitic worms?

Answer 32

* Tapeworms * Schistosoma ## Footnote Tapeworms can be from beef, pork, or fish.

Question 33

What are prions?

Answer 33

Proteinaceous infectious particles.

Question 34

What do prions do specifically to the body?

Answer 34

Form deposits in the brain.

Question 35

What are examples of prions?

Answer 35

* TSEs * Mad cow disease

Question 36

# Prions What are TSEs? ## Footnote Symptoms?

Answer 36

Sponge-like holes in the brain ## Footnote loss of coordination, weakness, dementia, death

Question 37

How many people were infected by the spanish flu?

Answer 37

50% of the world's population

Question 38

Why were mostly 18-40 year olds infected during the Spanish flu?

Answer 38

Immune systems went into overdrive (cytokine storm).

Question 39

What is measles known as?

Answer 39

"Most deadly of all childhood rash/fever illnesses."

Question 40

What are steps to prevent infections?

Answer 40

* Wash hands often * Get adequate sleep and exercise * Eat a balanced diet * Avoid sharing food and drinks * Practice safe sex * Avoid rubbing eyes and touching face * Limit # of sexual partners

Question 41

What has caused antibiotic resistance? | (Pharmacy)

Answer 41

Natural selection and overuse of antibiotics.

Question 42

What are steps to prevent antibiotic resistance?

Answer 42

* Let your immune system work * Finish the entire antibiotic regimen * Don't share antibiotics * Avoid antibiotic soaps and cleansers

Question 43

What is Chlamydia known for? ## Footnote Who is it 2x more likely to occur in?

Answer 43

Most common bacterial STI reported in Canada. ## Footnote Women

Question 44

What are symptoms of chlamydia? ## Footnote Is it usually asymptomatic or shows symptoms?

Answer 44

Discharge and burning, but often asymptomatic.

Question 45

What are risks of untreated chlamydia?

Answer 45

* Ectopic pregnancy (sterility) * Can be passed to infants * PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)

Question 46

What can prevent chlamydia and how is treated?

Answer 46

Prevention: condom use Treatment: Antibiotics

Question 47

What is gonorrhea known as?

Answer 47

2nd most commonly reported bacterial STI in Canada.

Question 48

What are symptoms of gonorrhea? ## Footnote Is it asymptomatic or often shows signs?

Answer 48

Often asymptomatic in women; urinary discomfort and penile discharge in men.

Question 49

What are the three stages of syphilis? | Is it bacterial or viral?

Answer 49

* Primary: ulcer * Secondary: flu-like and rashes * Tertiary: neurological and cardiovascular effects | Bacterial

Question 50

How is syphillis transmitted?

Answer 50

passes through break in skin - kissing, sex

Question 51

What is HPV known for? | (human pappiloma virus)

Answer 51

Most common viral STI in North America.

Question 52

What is are risks of HPV?

Answer 52

Common and genital warts Genital, vaginal, anal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancer

Question 53

How is HPV prevented and how is it usually treated?

Answer 53

Prevention: Gurdasil vaccine Treatment: Immune system usually clears infection

Question 54

Where is HSV usually located? | (herpes simplex virus) ## Footnote How does it travel in the body?

Answer 54

Common oral ## Footnote Travels along nerves and lays dormant in nerve cells

Question 55

What are symptoms of HSV? HSV1 vs HSV2?

Answer 55

Small, painful, leaking red blisters ## Footnote HSV1: mouth HSV2: genitals

Question 56

What prevents HSV? ## Footnote Since it can't be treated, what is used to lessen symptoms?

Answer 56

Condom use ## Footnote Antivirals

Question 57

What does HIV attack? | (human immunodeficiency virus) ## Footnote What does this do?

Answer 57

T cells. ## Footnote Overwhelms immune system

Question 58

How is HIV transmitted?

Answer 58

Blood-blood or fluid-blood contact.

Question 59

What are risks associated with HIV?

Answer 59

AIDS and death due to infections.

Question 60

Name treatments for HIV

Answer 60

* HIV testing * HAART * Combo of drugs for each level

Question 61

What does HIV testing measure?

Answer 61

Antibodies.

Question 62

What are risk factors for STIs?

Answer 62

* Multiple partners * Not using protection * Lack of testing * Unaware of partners history