Unit 3 - Key Terms Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Benefits of encoding data
A
a. ) less computer memory is used
b. ) it is faster to enter the data once you know the codes
c. ) fewer errors are made when entering the data
d. ) validation of data is easier because of the fixed set of codes
2
Q
Advantages of using ICT for storing data
A
a. ) need less storage space than using sheets of paper, record cards or filing cabinets
b. ) data can be stored more securely
c. ) data can be encrypted
d. ) data can be accessed very quickly
e. ) data can be edited easily
3
Q
Disadvantages of using ICT for storing data
A
a. ) cost of equipment can be high
b. ) specialist staff or training of current staff may be needed
c. ) equipment failure may destroy data
d. ) viruses or hackers may damage the data
4
Q
Data validation
A
Validation is used to make sure that the data being entered is sensible.
5
Q
Data verification
A
Verification is used to ensure that the data being entered has been entered correctly.
6
Q
Methods of verification
A
a. ) double keying
b. ) visual check
7
Q
Feedback system
A
A control system where the output actions affect the input data, which affects the output actions, which affect the input data and so on.
8
Q
Examples of control systems
A
a. ) automatic door
b. ) greenhouse control system
9
Q
Robotics
A
A robot is a machine that can be programmed to perform a sequence of actions.
10
Q
Tasks that robots are able to carry out
A
a. ) repetitive jobs
b. ) dangerous jobs
c. ) precision jobs where a machine can be more accurate than a human
d. ) heavy jobs where human could not manage the weights to be lifted
11
Q
Simulation
A
A computer simulation is a model of a real system.
12
Q
Advantages of data compression
A
a. ) files will take up less storage space when saved on hard disk or other storage media
b. ) files will reach their destination more quickly when sent over a network
13
Q
Disadvantages of data compression
A
a. ) precision can be lost
b. ) it is not always possible to return to the uncompressed state.
14
Q
URL
A
Uniform Resource Locator - website’s internet address
15
Q
HTTP
A
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
16
Q
HTTPS
A
Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer
17
Q
FTP
A
File Transfer Protocol
18
Q
Interactive features of websites
A
Online forms email games quizzes questionnaires
19
Q
Golden Triangle
A
A triangular area in the upper-left corner of the screen where people look first.
20
Q
Site Navigation
A
Term used for exploring the web pages of a website.
21
Q
Hyperlinks
A
Hyperlinks are used to jump to another web page on another website.
22
Q
Graphical hyperlinks
A
Pictures that are also hyperlinks
23
Q
Hotspots
A
Used to give more information about an area on the web page. This is activated by moving the cursor over the hot spot area or clicking on it.
24
Q
Rollover buttons
A
Areas of the screen that change when a cursor is moved over that area.
25
Web server
The computer linked to the internet that will hold the web pages. It is known as the host.
26
Multimedia
Text, sound, still images, animation and video are combined together.
27
Methods of image capture
a. ) A scanner can digitize graphics that are printed or hand drawn on paper.
b. ) A digital camera can capture still images
c. ) A video camera can capture moving images
d. ) Webcams
28
MIDI
Musical Instrument Digital Interface - is a method by which musical instruments can act as input devices to the computer.
29
Bitmap graphics
- made up of pixels where each pixel has a position and a colour
- the larger the image the more dots are needed to maintain the quality
30
Vector graphics
Made up of equations that describe the relative distance of a point from the point of origin.
31
Advantages of vector graphics over bitmap
a. ) vector drawings can be enlarged to any size without any loss in quality. Bitmaps become pixilated when enlarged.
b. ) vector graphics are ideal for company logos, large banners, posters and other images that may need to be greatly enlarged.
c. ) vector images file sizes are smaller than bitmaps taking up less storage space
32
Pixel
A pixel is a dot of colour or picture element of a graphic that is a particular colour.
33
Zoom
Zoom allow you to view image on the screen larger or smaller than it first appeared.
34
Selection
The selection tool is really useful for choosing a part of an image to work on.
35
Transforming
Images can be transformed from one state to another with a graphics package, such as using rotation or reflection.
36
Scaling and sizing
Resizing means that the image is made smaller or larger but the proportions stay the same. Scaling means the image size can be changed as a percentage of the original.
37
Standard tools in creating and manipulating still images
Zoom, selection, transforming, scaling and sizing, distortion, cloning, layering, rotating, reflection
38
Composite patterning
A pattern may consist of many parts, such as in many fabrics or wallpaper designs. When the whole pattern is repeated, it is known as composite patterning.
39
Animation
Animation means making something move
40
Persistence of vision
The process by which the eye is fooled into thinking that still pictures are moving.
41
Flip books
The first animations were flip books where the drawings on each page were slightly different from the drawings on the pages before.
42
Stop motion
Stop motion is where a series of photos of a model are taken.
43
Mood board
A mood board consists of a collage or collection of colours, pictures, ideas, font types etc. that, in a very casual way, depicts the overall feel of what you are trying to do.
44
Frame
Each separate image of an animation is called a frame.
45
Frame rate
The rate at which frames are displayed.
46
Claymation
A method of using clay or plasticine models to create an animated sequence using the stop motion technique.
47
Pixilation
A method where live actors take the place of the clay models. A picture is taken, the actor moves slightly and another picture is taken and so on.
48
Rotoscoping
The animator draws round an image of an actor, animal or other moving objects frame by frame. These images can then be transferred into the animated film and changed so that, for example, an actor becomes a stranger alien or a motor bike is transformed into a hover machine
49
Network
A network is when two or more computers are connected together to exchange data.
50
LAN
Local Area Network - A network of computers in the same building or on the same site.
51
WAN
Wide Area Network - A network of computers connected over a wide geographic area.
52
Network topology
The way in which a network is configured
53
Types of network topology
star, bus and ring
54
Bus topology
A bus network consists of a common cable called a bus.
55
Star topology
All the computers are connected to a central computer(file server) or a hub.
56
Ring topology
The computers are connected to each other in a continuous loop.
57
Internet
A network of computers across the world
58
Extranet
A part of an intranet that is able to be accessed by authorized members of the public using the internet.
59
Router
A device that forward data packets along a network.
60
Switch
A device that filters data packets and forwards the packets between segments of the network.
61
Bridge
A device that connects a LAN to another LAN that uses the same protocol.
62
Packet switching
Packet switching is the process by which network components check each packet, look at its address and direct it along the correct route.
63
Advantages of networks over stand-alone computers
a. ) A stand-alone computer has no communication with other computers, whereas data sharing is possible in a network.
b. ) A stand-alone computer needs its own printer, scanner and storage devices, but computers on a network can share this hardware.
c. ) Data entered into a stand-alone computer is only available to the user of that computer, but all data can be shared on a network.
d. ) Each stand-alone computer needs its own software installed, but software can be shared over a network.
64
Point of Sale (PoS)
The checkout tills in large stores and supermarkets are usually linked to a computer that monitors the sale of items. The till is often called a PoS.
65
Stock
Stock is the name for all the goods a business has for sale.
66
Stock level
Stock is the quantity of a particular item in the shop or warehouse.
67
Stock control
Stock control is the overall management of stock levels.
68
Operating system
The set of programs that control the running of computers is called the OS.
69
Functions of an operating system
a. ) loads and runs programs
b. ) makes the best use of the RAM
c. ) handles inputs and outputs from peripheral devices
d. ) manages the security of the system
70
Types of operating system
Single program, batch processing, multi-programming, multi-access, distributed system, process control system, parallel processing.
71
Single program
Single program, where only one program at a time can run.
72
Batch processing
Batch processing, where data is collected in a batch over a period of time and then processed at off-peak times, such as nights or weekends, with minimum human intervention.
73
Multi-programming
Multi-programming, where more than one program is running and the computer gives each one a small amount of processing time in turn.
74
Multi-access
Multi-access, where many workstations have access to one central processing unit.
75
Distributed system
Distributed system, where the processing and resources are shared between a number of different computers.
76
Process control system
Process control system, where sensors monitor a process and a dedicated computer processes and acts on the data it receives.
77
Parallel processing
Parallel processing, where large tasks are shared between several processors in parallel.
78
HCI
Human Computer Interface is the boundary where the user and the computer meet. It is usually called the user interface.
79
Types of user interface
Command line interface (CLI), Graphical User Interface(GUI), Menus and dialogue boxes
80
Command line interface (CLI) advantages
a. ) the instructions are executed quickly
b. ) A large number of options are available for each instruction
c. ) they use less memory than other operating systems.
81
Command line interface(CLI) disadvantages
a. ) you need to learn the special instructions used
b. ) mistyping an instruction can stop the execution of the command
c. ) some commands and their options are very complex.
82
GUI advantages
a. ) low-level ICT skills are needed
b. ) A GUI is an easy-to-use intuitive interface
c. ) Pictures are more easily understood than words
d. ) Help is available through office assistants.
e. ) Desktops can be customized.
83
GUI disadvantages
a. ) it can use up a lot of computer's resources.
| b. ) it may run slowly
84
Menus and dialogue boxes advantages
a. ) easy to navigate
b. ) nothing to learn because all options are displayed in the menu.
c. ) validates input by limiting entries to the options shown.
85
Menus and dialogue boxes disadvantages
a. ) some options may not mean anything to the user.
| b. ) it is sometimes difficult to find options if there are too many menus and sub-menus.
86
Biometrics
Biometric systems use physical characteristics to identify a user. Inputs might be from:
- fingerprint
- retina scan
- voice
- facial features
87
MICR
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition is the process which reads particular data from cheques and inputs it to a computer.
88
Items that are encoded using Magnetic Ink Characters at the bottom of every cheque
1. ) the cheque number
2. ) customer's account number
3. ) branch sort code
89
E-commerce systems
E-commerce is the buying and selling using the internet.
90
Artificial Intelligence
AI gives systems or machines the appearance of being intelligent.
91
Expert systems
An expert system is a system that takes the place of a human expert. It simulates the knowledge and skills of an expert.
92
Expert systems advantages
a. ) the knowledge in the database can be far more than a human is capable of remembering.
b. ) an expert system should never get facts wrong.
c. ) an expert system lives: it may evolve and improve over time.
d. ) Some people would prefer to enter personal data into a computer than discuss it with a doctor.
93
Expert systems disadvantages
a. ) some people may prefer the personal touch rather than dealing with a machine.
b. ) expert systems are not cheap and considerable expenditure is needed to install one.
94
Teleworking
Many people are working from home and using ICT methods to communicated with their place of business or clients. This is called teleworking, and involves the use of email, the internet and fax machines.
95
Teleworking advantages
a. ) no travel expenses
b. ) no time wasted in travelling to work
c. ) flexible hours
d. ) employers don't have to provide office space or facilities such as canteen.
96
Teleworking disadvantages
a. ) there is less social interaction and teleworkers may feel isolated.
b. ) there may be more distractions in the home environment.
c. ) it may be more difficult for the management to check on whether work is being properly carried out.
97
Video conferencing
Teleconferences, sometimes called video conferencing, are held using computers linked to the internet and the participants can communicate with each other.
98
Economic impact of ICT
a. ) expanded markets
b. ) allowed companies to streamline their operations so they can employ fewer people
c. ) decreased their expenses
d. ) maximized profits
99
Environmental impact of ICT
a. ) use recycled paper or store documents on a hard drive rather than using paper and so save the forest resources.
b. ) Reduces carbon footprint - businesses use video conferencing rather than sending delegates to meeting.
100
Social impact of ICT
ICT is making it easier to monitor what people are doing.
a. ) CCTV cameras are everywhere in towns and cities.
b. ) communication from phone calls, emails and text messaging can be monitored.
c. ) Satellites with cameras are capable of seeing what you are reading or identify a car number plate.
d. ) We can be tracked by mobile phone signals or our use of debit and credit cards.
101
Data Protection Act 1998
The Act deals with data being held about a person.
102
Examples of organisations and businesses that hold personal data on each of us
Tax office, doctor, dentist, Driver and Vehicle Licencing Agency (DVLA), the police
103
Data subject
The data subject is the person whose personal data is stored on a computer.
104
Data user
Data user is the organization that stores the data.
105
Examples of sensitive personal data
racial or ethnic origin, religious beliefs, political opinions, trade union membership, physical or mental health
106
Some organisations are exempt from the Data Protection Act. They include data collected for...
```
national security
detection of crime
home use (household or recreational)
calculation of wages, pensions or tax
advertisements
```
107
Computer Misuse Act (1990)
The Act that makes it illegal to:
- gain unauthorized access to files stored on a computer system
- gain unauthorized access to files and use them for criminal activities such a fraud or blackmail
- change or delete any files unless authorized to do so which includes creating or planting viruses.
