Unit 3: Learning

Question 1

UCS (UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS)

Answer 1

a stimulus that AUTOMATICALLY causes a response.

Question 2

UCR (UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE)

Answer 2

an AUTOMATIC response to a stimulus.

Question 3

CS (CONDITIONED STIMULUS)

Answer 3

the previously neutral stimulus that has been turned into a UCS.

Question 4

CR (CONDITIONED RESPONSE)

Answer 4

the LEARNED response to a stimulus.

Question 5

GENERALIZATION

Answer 5

when a learned response is same to similar stimuli.

Question 6

DISCRIMINATION

Answer 6

avoidance of generalization

Ex: child gets bit by dog and fears dogs but will play with stuffed animal dogs.

Question 7

EXTINCTION

Answer 7

gradual loss of an association

Question 8

ACQUISITION

Answer 8

the moment that an animal/person learns to respond to a stimulus (conditioned response)

Question 9

FLOODING

Answer 9

(usually used for phobias only)—-forced exposure to the fear until it is extinct.

Question 10

John Watson

Answer 10

the most
famous behaviorist.
Behavior comes from our
environment and is a bundle
of conditioned responses
(human robots)

Question 11

watsons famous study

Answer 11

Little Albert

Question 12

Mary Cover Jones

Answer 12

proved counterconditiong. Experiment “Peter and the Rabbit”

Question 13

EDWARD THORNDIKE

Answer 13

INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING: behavior will strengthen when it provides rewards.
He used ‘PUZZLE BOXES” in which cats pushed a pedal to unlock a door so it could get to its food. LAW OF EFFECT: if the animal is rewarded it will do the behavior. If punished it will not. Thorndike’s studies inspire BF SKINNER who becomes world famous for operant conditioning.

Question 14

REINFORCEMENT:

Answer 14

the process by which a stimulus increases that the preceding behavior will occur.

Question 15

PRIMARY REINFORCERS:

Answer 15

needed for physical or psychological survival—-food, water, love, etc.

Question 16

SECONDARY REINFORCERS:

Answer 16

anything that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer—–money, attention, compliments, popularity

Question 17

POISITIVE REINFORCERS:

Answer 17

increase the frequency of the behavior——-rewards, approval

Question 18

NEGATIVE REINFORCERS:

Answer 18

increase the frequency of the behavior when they are removed—–discomfort, fear, shocks, disapproval

Question 19

SHAPING

Answer 19

teach complex behavior in steps through reinforcement.

EX: dolphin jumping through a hoop, bear riding bike at circus

Question 20

Chaining

Answer 20

final act of shaping

Question 21

TOKEN ECONOMY

Answer 21

rewards system to increase behavior through “tokens”—tokens, play money, stars, etc.

Question 22

PREMACK PRINCIPLE

Answer 22

everyone has a “top ten” list of positive reinforcers.

Question 23

Operant Conditioning

Answer 23

BF Skinner. Behavior is based on
consequences:
REINFORCEMENTS, REWARDS,
PUNISHMENTS.
Skinner used “Skinner
Boxes”(small cages where animals
mostly rats and pigeons had to do
conditioning tasks.)

Question 24

mere exposure effect

Answer 24

repeated
exposure of a CS. (Pavlov=bell,
Watson=loud bang, Jones=chocolate)

Question 25

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT:

Answer 25

the desire response is reinforced every time (every single time a dolphin does what you want you give it a fish)

Question 26

Partial, Intermittent Reinforcement:

Answer 26

reinforcement is administered on some of | the time.

Question 27

FIXED RATIO (FR) schedules:

Answer 27

give reinforcement after a FIXED number of responses. EX: rat gets a pellet after it presses the bar TEN times. Ice cream shop punches your card after after buying TEN cones you get one FREE.

Question 28

VARIABLE RATIO (VR) schedules:

Answer 28

reinforcement given on a varying schedule. EX: slot machines----pay off 1 in 20 pulls, 1 in 50 pulls, 1 in 100 pulls.

Question 29

fixed interval (FI)

Answer 29

(FI) schedules: a fixed amount of TIME between reinforcements. Radio station giveaways. Cannot win a prize more than once within 30 DAYS.

Question 30

VARIABLE INTERVAL (VI) schedules:

Answer 30

reinforce by time by VARYING the schedule of TIME. EX: police give prizes to people buckling up at different times. One day at 1, one day at 5, one day at11.

Question 31

EC Tolman

Answer 31

Rats in mazes, latent learning, cognitive maps. Proved learning can occur WITHOUT reinforcement. Put rats in a maze and had to find food. (reinforcement) Other rats put in a maze------just to explore----no food. (No reinforcement) After 10 days food was put in their maze----they located the food just as fast as the rats who were reinforced right away.

Question 32

Learned Helplessness

Answer 32

Martin Seligman. A condition when following a number of bad experiences an animal/human believes they cannot control their environment.

Question 33

David Hiroto

Answer 33

Proved learned helplessness on humans. 3 groups of people; 2 would hear loud, obnoxious noises. Phase 1

Question 34

Insight

Answer 34

the sudden realization of a | solution to a problem. Wolfgang Kohler.