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UK GCSE PE > Unit 3 - Physical Training > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Physical Training Flashcards

1
Q

Define Health

A

Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being.

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2
Q

Define Fitness

A

Fitness is the ability to meet, or cope with, the demands of the environment.

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3
Q

What are the 10 components of Fitness

A 
Agility
Balance
Cardio-vascular Endurance
Co-ordination
Flexibility
Muscular Endurance
Power
Reaction Time
Strength
Speed
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4
Q

Define Agility

A

Agility is the ability to move and change direction at speed, while maintaining control.

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5
Q

Define Balance

A

The ability to keep the centre of mass over the bass of support.

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6
Q

Define Coordination

A

The ability to move more than one part of the body smoothly and efficiently.

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7
Q

Define Cardio-vascular Endurance

A

The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles.

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8
Q

Define Flexibility

A

The range of movement possible at a joint.

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9
Q

Define Muscular Endurance

A

The ability of the muscles or muscle groups to endure repeated contraction whilst avoiding fatigue.

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10
Q

Define Power

A

Strength X Speed

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11
Q

Define Reaction Time

A

Time taken to begin reacting to a stimulus.

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12
Q

Define Strength

A

The ability to overcome resistance.

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13
Q

Define Speed

A

Distance / Time

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14
Q

Define Maximal Strength

A

The greatest force that is possible in a single maximum muscle contraction.

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15
Q

Define Static Strength

A

The amount of force exerted on an immovable object.

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16
Q

Define Explosive Strength

A

The greatest force exerted in one quick muscle contraction.

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17
Q

Define Dynamic Strength

A

The amount of force exerted repeatedly by a muscle.

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18
Q

What are the four types of strength?

A

Dynamic Strength
Static Strength
Explosive Strength
Maximal Strength

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19
Q

Describe 4 reasons for fitness testing

A
  1. TO identify strengths and weaknesses
  2. TO inform training requirements
  3. TO show a starting level of fitness
  4. TO monitor improvement
  5. TO gauge the success of a training program
  6. TO compare against the norm of a group or national averages
  7. TO motivate and set goals
  8. TO provide variety in a training programme
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20
Q

What is the fitness test for agility?

A

Illinois Agility Test

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21
Q

What is the fitness test for balance?

A

Stork Balance Test

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22
Q

What is the fitness test for cardio-vascular endurance?

A

Multi-stage Fitness Test

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23
Q

What is the fitness test for coordination?

A

Wall Toss Test

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24
Q

What is the fitness test for flexibility?

A

Sit and Reach Test

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25
Q

What is the fitness test for muscular endurance?

A

Sit Up Bleep Test

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26
Q

What is the fitness test for power?

A

Vertical Jump Test

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27
Q

What is the fitness test for reaction time?

A

Ruler Drop Test

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28
Q

What is the fitness test for maximal strength?

A

One Rep Max Test

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29
Q

What is the fitness test for speed?

A

30m Sprint Test

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30
Q

What is the fitness test for strength?

A

Handgrip Dynamometer Test

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31
Q

Why are validity and reliability necessary in fitness testing?

A

It is important that fitness test results are correct and accurate. One way to ensure this is through validity and reliability.

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32
Q

Define Validity (in sports testing)

A

This means that the test is appropriate to the sport.

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33
Q

Define Reliability (in sports testing)

A

This means that if the test were repeated, similar results can be expected.

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34
Q

Define Quantitative Data

A

Data formed off of measurements and numbers.

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35
Q

Define Qualitative Data

A

Data formed off of opinion or judgements.

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36
Q

What are the principles of training?

A 
SPORT
Specificity
Progressive Overload
Reversibility
Tedium
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37
Q

Define Specificity

A

Making training adapted to the sport.

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38
Q

Define Progressive Overload

A

Gradually increasing the amount of work so that fitness gains occur, without the potential of injury.

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39
Q

What do we call it when muscles increase in size?

A

Hypertrophy

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40
Q

What defines how we increase overload?

A 
FITT
Frequency - how often you train
Intensity - how hard you train
Time - how long you train for
Type - what type of training you do
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41
Q

Define Reversibility

A

If an individual stops or decreases their training level, then their fitness and performance is likely to decrease.

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42
Q

How quickly does reversibility occur?

A

In 1/3 of the time gains were made, they can be lost.

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43
Q

Define Tedium

A

Tedium is the boredom that occurs from training the same way every time.

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44
Q

Define Maximum Heart Rate

A

Your maximum heart rate is 220 - your age.

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45
Q

Describe the Illinois Agility Test

A

Place cones in a 5X10m square
Start lying on your stomach. Run up 10m, Right 2.5m and down , Run up the middle between 4 cones placed 3.3m apart and back down, Run Right 2.5m and up and sprint the last 10m. Complete as quickly as possible.
(See Figure 5)

46
Q

Describe the Stork Balance Test

A

Stand with hands on your hips and one foot on the inside of your knee, then push up onto your toes. You must hold this position for as long as possible

47
Q

Describe the Multi-Stage Fitness Test

A

Cones should be set 20m apart from each other. You should set the CD which will play bleeps a increasing speed. You must run between the two lines of cones at the speed of these bleeps until you cannot keep going.

48
Q

Describe the Wall Toss Test

A

Stand 2m away from a wall. Throw a ball against the wall and catch it in the opposite hand. Do this is as quickly as possible and see how many you can complete in 30 secs.

49
Q

Describe the Sit and Reach Test

A

Sit barefoot and put your feet against a sit and reach box. With straight knees reach froward and slowly push a marker to see how far you can go.

50
Q

Describe the Sit-Up Bleep Test

A

Play a CD, overtime it bleeps do a sit-up. Keep going until you can no longer continue.

51
Q

Describe the Vertical Jump Test

A

Stand side-on against a wall and reach as high as you can, mark this with chalk. Then jump as high as you can and mark this height also. Measure the distance, the higher, the better power.

52
Q

Describe the Ruler Drop Test

A

Someone should hold a ruler so the bottom of the ruler is between your thumb forefinger. They should then drop this without warning and you should catch as quickly as possible. The faster you are, the smaller the number on the ruler will be where you caught will be.

53
Q

Describe the 1 Rep Max Test

A

Choose a flex appropriate to your sport (leg press/ bicep curl). Start with a high weight you know you can let and complete a rep.. Increase the weight with a rest between every rep until you can not lift the next weight. The last weight you can lift is your 1RM

54
Q

Describe the 30m Sprint Test

A

Place cones 30m apart plus a 5m flying start. Someone should start the stopwatch when you cross the start line (after the first 5m) and should stop it after 30m. You should complete this as quickly as possible.

55
Q

Describe the Handgrip Dynamometer Test

A

Using a dynamometer, you should grip as hard as you can. This will give you a score.

56
Q

Why do your hands go on your hips in the stork balance test?

A

So you cannot stabilise yourself with other parts of your body other than your abdominals

57
Q

Why do you have a flying start in the 30m sprint test?

A

To ensure you are not testing reaction time

58
Q

Why should you start the 1RM test with as heavy a weight as possible?

A

So that you do the least quantity of reps and your muscles are not fatigued

59
Q

Describe Circuit Training

A

A series of exercise (stations) performed one after another in a loop with rests in between.

60
Q

Advantages of circuit training

A
  • Flexible (different components can be tested)
  • Large groups can train together
  • Relatively easy to set up
  • Don’t always need equipment
61
Q

Disadvantages of circuit training

A
  • A lot of space is needed
  • Equipment may be needed
  • Not suitable to individuals (motivation)
  • Difficult to gauge rest : work
  • Technique can be hindered by fatigue
62
Q

Describe Continuous Training

A

Exercising for a sustained period of time without rest - generally aerobic
(minimum 20 mins)

63
Q

Advantages of continuous training

A
  • No specialist equipment needed
  • Ideal for beginners (easy)
  • Good for individuals
  • Can be done virtually anywhere
64
Q

Disadvantages of continuous training

A
  • Does not improve anaerobic fitness
  • Can be boring
  • Not (usually) suitable for groups or teams
  • Time Consuming
  • Not always sport specific
65
Q

Describe Interval Training

A

Alternating periods of work and rest

66
Q

Advantages of interval training

A
  • Good for overall fitness
  • Both aerobic and anaerobic
  • Burns body fat and calories easily
  • Equipment not always necessary
67
Q

Disadvantages of interval training

A
  • Can lead to injury due to intensity
  • Long recovery periods between sessions
  • High levels of motivation needed
  • Can cause dizziness or nausea
68
Q

Describe Fartlek Training

A

‘Speed Play’ in Swedish

Involves periods of fast, intense work, slow work and moderate work. Often across different terrains.

69
Q

Advantages of fartlek training

A
  • No specialist equipment required
  • Ideal for individual athletes
  • Helps performers lear to pace themselves
  • Improves cardio-vascular endurance
70
Q

Disadvantages of fartlek training

A
  • Risk factor
  • Not suitable for groups
  • High levels of motivation/ Self-discipline
  • Weather may be limiting
  • Experience is needed to calculate intensity
71
Q

Describe static stretching Training

A

Holding stretches for up to 30 secs

72
Q

Advantages of static stretching training

A
  • Concentrates on specific muscles
  • Everyone can do
  • Relatively safe
  • Can be done in a confined space
  • No equipment needed
73
Q

Disadvantages of static stretching training

A
  • Can be time consuming
  • Some muscles are hard to stretch
  • Can cause injury if done when cold
  • Can cause injury if done incorrectly or for too long
74
Q

What kind of contractions occur during static stretching?

A

Isometric

75
Q

Describe Weight Training

A

Involves using weight or resistance to cause adaptations to the muscles

76
Q

Advantages of weight training

A
  • Can be adapted for different aims - easily tailored
  • Relevant to most sports
  • Relatively straight-forward
  • Ideal for individuals
77
Q

Disadvantages of weight training

A
  • Requires specialist equipment
  • Incorrect technique can lead to injury
  • Spotter may be needed
  • Difficult for groups
78
Q

Advantages of knowing your 1RM

A

Can decide what weight you use for achieving your goals

79
Q

What weight should I use to work on power and strength?

A

> 70% of your 1RM

Low quantity of reps (3 sets of 4-8 reps)

80
Q

What weight should I use to work on muscular endurance?

A

<70% of your 1RM

High quantity of reps (3 sets of 12-15 reps)

81
Q

Describe Plyometric Training

A

Involves high impact exercises that teach muscles to perform their maximum contractions faster to be more powerful

82
Q

Advantages of plyometric training

A
  • Little/ no equipment
  • Can do it anywhere
  • Short sessions (high intensity)
  • Can be similar to movements done in sports
  • High results yield
83
Q

Disadvantages of plyometric training

A
  • Large levels of motivation
  • Long recovery
  • Not ideal for beginners (must already have good strength and technique)
  • Causes stress on joints and muscles
84
Q

Describe High Altitude Training

A

Involves carrying out training at high altitudes ( >2000m above sea level)

85
Q

Advantages of high altitude training

A
  • Increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
86
Q

Disadvantages of high altitude training

A
  • Difficult to get to
  • Altitude sickness (headache, hyperventilation, diseases)
  • Expensive and time consuming
  • Fitness an be reduced due to lack of intensity
  • Benefits gained are lost within 14 days
  • Not suitable for anaerobic athletes
87
Q

Identify 10 ways of preventing injury

A
  • MATCH intensity and performers fitness
  • do not OVERTRAIN
  • wear appropriate CLOTHES and footwear
  • do not OVERSTRETCH or bounce when stretching
  • using TAPING and bracing where appropriate
  • always use correct TECHNIQUE
  • HYDRATION
  • make time for RECOVERY
  • always WARM UP
  • always COOL DOWN
88
Q

Why is it important to match the intensity of a workout to the performers fitness levels?

A

If training is to intense, they may become injured

89
Q

Why is it important to not overtrain and allow time for recovery?

A

This allows the muscles (which you damage in sport) to grow and thus become stronger
If you overtrain or do not recover, you muscles will not get a chance to grow and get stronger and you will become injured

90
Q

What is a strain?

A

The ligaments are stretched too much or tear

91
Q

What is a sprain?

A

The muscles/ tendons are stretched too much or tear

92
Q

What is taping/ bracing for?

A

Helps relieve stress from areas which may have injuries or be vulnerable to them (i.e.; joints and soft tissue)

93
Q

Name a sport in which technique is particularly important in preventing injury

A

Free Weight

94
Q

What should inexperienced athletes use instead of free weights?

A

Resistance Machines

95
Q

What are the training seasons?

A

Pre-season
Competitive season
Post season

96
Q

What does pre-season concentrate on?

A

General aerobic fitness
General strength/ Muscular endurance
Necessary components of fitness
Skills and techniques

97
Q

What does competitive season concentrate on?

A

Avoids over-training
Avoids training too much
More tactic and technique focused
Team training

98
Q

What does post season concentrate on?

A

Rest

Maintaining aerobic fitness

99
Q

What is a common component of post season training?

A

Light aerobic work (running, swimming, cycling)

100
Q

What happens in the body during a warm up?

A

Raise body temperature
Increase range of motion
Increase amount of oxygen delivered to muscles

101
Q

Why is warm up important?

A

Tendons and muscles prone to injury when cold
Mental preparation
Ensures your body is working well and feels okay

102
Q

What are the 4 stages of a warm-up?

A

1- Gradual pulse raiser
2- Stretching
3- Skills
4- Mental preparation

103
Q

What does a gradual pulse raiser do?

A

Gradually increase the blood flow around the body

104
Q

What does a stretching do?

A

Increases range of motion to prevent sprains

105
Q

Why do we do skills practice in warm ups?

A

It re-familiarises the performers body with the movements they will have to perform

106
Q

Why do we include mental preparation in our warm up?

A

Allows the performer to focus on their performance and be in the right headspace

107
Q

Why do we perform cool downs?

A

To avoid DOMS
Reduce heart rate back to resting
remove waste from the body

108
Q

Define DOMS

A

Delayed Onset Muscular Soreness

When your muscles hurt the next day due to the build up of lactic acid

109
Q

What should a cool down consist off?

A

Pulse Lower

Stretching

110
Q

Why do we stretch during a cool down?

A

Remove lactic acid from the muscles

111
Q

What are the 6 marks in a 6 marker awarded for?

A

1 mark A01 - Define
2 marks A02 - Answer the question
3 marks A03 - Context and relating

UK GCSE PE (6 decks)

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