UNIT 3 - Respiratory Flashcards

Question

Describe the trachea

Answer 1

A short white tube extending from larynx to thorax which divides into 2 main brocnhi at the tracheal bifurcation (or carina). Occurs @ lvl of heart Composed of C-shaped hyaline cartilage with C opening dorsal. - Prevents trachea collapse on inspiration, can change trachea size lined w/ pseudostratified ciliated mucosa

Answer 2

Stars w/ bronchi and ends with alveoli Includes all air passages in b/w All lower RT are in the lungs

Answer 3

The lower RT forms a tree as bronchi divide to bronchioles and branch smaller to become alveolar ducts which terminate in alveolar sacs. These sacs look like a bunch of grapes

Answer 4

Bronchodilation (relaxtion of smooth muscle in bronchial tree) during increased O2 demand and Bronchoconstriction during rest. (Can also get constriction w/ lung irritants)

Answer 5

A chronic allergic condition usually to dust and fungal spores in hay

Answer 6

Multiple alveoli make up alveolar saces. A site for gas exchange. They are tiny, thin walled sacs surrounded by a capillary network

Answer 7

Surfactant reduct stickiness (surface tension) or alveolar walls: assist in expansion during breath and helps prevent complete lung collapse important in premature babies as surfactant often not properly formed and contributes to non-viability of premature animals

Answer 8

To exchange oxygen for CO2 in blood Each lung is cone-shaped w/ base at diaphragm and apex close to thoracic inlet. Lateral side of lungs contact with thoracic wall (except cardiac notch where in contact w/ heart)

Answer 9

All animals will have L cranial + Caudal lobe (L cranial lobe subdivided. Caudal lob = L middle lobe) R cranial, middle and caudal lobe Accessory lob

Answer 10

L and R lobs + accessory lobe

Answer 11

RIGHT LEFT Cranial Cranial-cranial Middle Cranial-caudal Caudal Caudal Accessory

Answer 12

Each lung has small well defined area on medial side called the hilus where air, blood, lymph and nerves enter/leave the lung Only area of lung that is fastened in place

Answer 13

 Cut a piece of lung and place it in some water:  If lung sinks - no air ever entered the lungs and the animal was born dead  If lung floats - air has entered the lungs so newborn was born alive

Answer 14

 Dorsally: the thoracic vertebrae  Laterally: the ribs  Ventrally: the sternum  Caudally: the diaphragm  Cranially: 1st pair of ribs, 1st thoracic vertebrae and cranial part of sternum (manubrium)- thoracic inlet

Answer 15

the lungs, heart, large blood vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

Answer 16

- Thin membrane that covers organ structures  Parietal pleura – lines the thoracic cavity  Visceral pleura – covers the thoracic organs B/w pleura is a sm amount of lubricating fluid to prevent friction (ex. during breathing)

Answer 17

- A partial vacuum within the thorax that keeps the lungs against the thoracic wall - When the lung expands, it expands lung volume for air to enter - Lungs are passive - thorax + diaphragm actively expand and increase lung volume - Helps pull blood into the atria of the heart

Answer 18

When air leaks into the space b/w the lung and thoracic wall. The neg. intrathoracic pressure is compromised Can also be from fluid like blood and pus If its severe, body can't expand lungs and may cause lung collapse and dead.

Answer 19

Drawing air into lungs = inhalation Power is provided by diaphragm and EXT intercostal muscles - Diaphragm is dome-shaped, it contracts and FLATTENS on inspiration - normal resting (abdominal) respiration

Answer 20

Found b/w ribs Pull ribs up and forward to expand thoracic cavity May be assisted by shoulder, neck and chest muscles - stretching limb forwards during running helps expands chest, landing compresses the chest

Answer 21

Moving air out of lungs - exhalation relaxing of diaphragm assisted by gravity + elasticity of lung tissue and thoracic wall - Normal expiration uses less effort than inspiration and is an ALMOST passive process

Answer 22

Forced expiration is powered by INT intercostal and abdominal muscles Int costal muscles found b/w ribs DEEP to the externals they pull ribs causally and rotate to decrease thoracic volume Abdominal muscles contract to push the organs against diaphragm to restore dome shape and decrease thoracic volume

Answer 23

 Dyspnea - increased respiratory activity and effort - difficult breathing  Apnea - absence or cessation of breathing  Hyperpnea/Hyperventilation - increase in rate or depth of breathing or both  Tachypnea/Polypnea - shallow rapid breath

Answer 24

 Tidal Volume: the volume of air exchanged during ONE BREATH  Varies depending on the needs of the animal – exercising vs rest  Minute volume: the volume of air exchanged during ONE MINUTE of breathing  Equals the tidal volume X number of breaths per minute

Answer 25

 Residual volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration  Will never be completely empty!!  Vital Capacity: the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration  Total Lung Capacity: Vital capacity + Residual Volume

Answer 26

Blood that enters lung caps have high conc. of Co2 and low conc. of O2 O2 and Co2 diffuse thru caps and alveolar walls DOWN their conc gradients. This results in a moment of CO2 from BLOOD INTO ALVEOLI and O2 from the air in the ALVEOLI TO BLOOD

Answer 27

It is maintained by the constant flow of O2 depleted blood into the caps and breathing to refresh air in alveoli Almost all the hemoglobin in blood becomes saturated with O2 during this process - even blood returning to lungs has residual oxygen bound to hemoglobin

Answer 28

If the distance the gas must cover increased EX interstitial fluid in the lung can severely impact the amount of O2 absorbed

Answer 29

Increased temp reduced pH Increaed Co2 - helps O2 to dissociate from Hgb in the places where it's needed most - the tissues

Answer 30

O2 lvls in alveoli decreased and body responds with local hypoxic vasoconstriction which decreased the blood circulating thru parts of the lung that aren't allowed good gas exchange

Answer 31

It creates overall vasoconstriction in the lungs leads to increase of vascular resistance results in pulmon hypertension causes R heart to work harder to pump against resistance possible R heart failure + peripheral edema (high mountain disease in cattle

Answer 32

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of pressures of each individual gas Each individual gas has its own pressure that is PART of the total atmospheric presser = partial pressure. EX when partial pressure of O2 is higher in the air than blood, O2 will move into blood (down the conc gradient)

Answer 33

Muscles involved in breather are voluntary control the process is typically involuntary control 1. Mechanical control - sets limit on normal inspire + expire 2. Chemical control -Monitor Co2, pH and O2 in blood

Answer 34

Medula oblongata and pons Has different control centers for inspiration, expiration and breath holding. all are subconscious can be overridden by conscious control

Answer 35

Setting the rate Works thru inspiratory area (expiration is passive result of inspiratory effort ending) has automatic rhythmic signal for inspiration this signal travels down phrenic nerve to diaphgran thru intercostal nerves to ext intercostal muscles expiratory area is usually activated during forced expiration

Answer 36

It sets limits on normal inspire + expire works thru stretch receptor in lung receptors feed back to respiratory center, which signals muscles of inspire and expire

Answer 37

Chemoreceptors monitor Co2, pH, O2 in blood Loc. in brain, carotic artery and aorta signals respiratory center if any imbalances

Answer 38

Rise of CO2 conc. more important than decrease into O2 conc in terms of stimulating breathing CO2 + pH are linked so if CO2 is high, pH goes down and blood = acidic by increasing RR the body can blow off excess CO2 and bring pH back to normal

Answer 39

They signal to increase rate of mild hypoxia With severe hypoxia the neurons may become to depressed to signal, may lead to respiratory failure

Answer 40

protective reflex stimulated by irritation in the trachea or bronchi  Requires pressure against a closed glottis, then sudden release  Can be productive or non-productive – treated very differently!!

Answer 41

protective reflex stimulated by irritation in the nasal passages

Answer 42

slow deep breath stimulated by decrease in O2 levels in blood, by boredom, drowsiness, fatigue, or anxiety

Answer 43

deeper than normal breath that may be stimulated by decrease in O2 levels in the blood  Can be beneficial to give an occasional ‘sigh’ breath to anesthetized animals

Answer 44

spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm with a sudden closure of the glottis – usually temporary and harmless

Answer 45

mechanism to dissipate heat –increased respiratory rate with decreased tidal volume  Primarily moves air through the upper airways to exchange heat.

Answer 46

 The part of the respiratory system where there is no gas exchange.  Important during anesthesia. If a long endotracheal tube is placed with a long piece protruding, physiological dead space increases and reduces gas exchange.

Answer 47

a reflex among aquatic, air-breathing animals that helps them remain submerged for long periods of time  Upon partial entry of water into air passages, the body responds by changes in heart rate, cessation of breathing, and shunting blood from less essential tissues  Though to be associated with survival of young children who have falling into cold water

Answer 48

destruction of alveolar membranes leads to larger lung chambers and decreased surface area available for gas exchange

Answer 49

Collaspe of alveoli - results from airway obstruction or lact of surfactant

Answer 50

Coughing up blood

Answer 51

 Stridor: high-pitched, indicates upper air way obstruction.  Stertor: low-pitched, a sign of flaccid tissue vibrating in the airway. Sounds like snoring.

Answer 52

Inflammation + congestion of the paranasal sinuses Can become so severe it obstructs drainage may require surgical intervention trephinate to drain

Answer 53

Common in canine, rare in cat occurs as primary disease in sm breeds like toy poodles may over secondary to mouth, pharynx or nasal passage infections chronic tonsillitis may occur in brachycephalic dogs alongside elongation and hypertrophy of soft palate + chronic pharyngitis

Answer 54

During bigorous exericise, soft palate rises, epiglottis falls below it, reduces diameter of nasopharynx, interferes w/ exercise

Answer 55

 "DE-BARKING" - severing or suturing down the vocal folds  LARYNGOSPASM  Be careful not to irritate the area when intubating  LARYNGEAL EDEMA - from irritants, trauma from endotracheal intubation, surgery, and excessive panting in brachycephalic and obese dogs

Answer 56

Commin in horses - known as roarers paralysis of recurrent laryngeal nerve (usually left) from injury or genetics vocal fold obstructs the lumen and vibrate t o cause noises when exercising (roaring) Can be fixed by surgical treatment - laryngeal tie-back or laryngeal ventriculectomy

Answer 57

affects nasal passages, pharynx, larynx and trachea a nuisance or life threatening can be a productive cough - good ex. cats with cat flu, or dog with kennel cough

Answer 58

Recurrent airway obstruction Chronic allergic disease of horse characterized by laubored respire, chronic cough, lack of stamina more common in stabled animals than those in pasture 9-12 affected years respiratory distress due to dyspnea, secondary to narrowing of airways during expire progressive and pathological changes to lungs irreveresible

Answer 59

Free air in chest result from hole in chest wall or punctured lung can be self-miniting and the air absorbed if lg volumes of air enter pleural cavity, lung collaspe

Answer 60

A normal accumulaton of fluid in pleural space reduces ability of lung to inflate. lung lobes float in pleural fluid several causes: fluid can accumulate from heart failure, hemorrhage, lymph vessel leakae, pus, cancer

Answer 61

Abnormal accumulation of flud in airways and alveoli associated w circulatory disorders like L vent failure, anaphylactic shock or severe allergies auscultation of heart may have fluid noises

Answer 62

Inflammation of the lung ususally for INFECTIONS (bacterial or viral) use pneumonitis for NON-INFECTIOUS inflammation More serious than bronchitis mucus + fluids accumulate and plug sections of lung, decrease gas exchange

Answer 63

Result from trauma (H.B.C's in particular) also congenital Depends on size of opening whether stomach contents have entered chest Can be life threatening if not dealt with considerable volume of stomach viscer may pass through a the small tear from neg pressure in thorax

UNIT 3 - Respiratory Flashcards

(87 cards)