UNIT 3 ➜ SAC 2 - Energy systems and Acute responses

Question 1

For each of the 3 Energy systems,

Identify the Fuel source

Answer 1

𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
Phosphocreatine

𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
Glycogen

𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
FFAs (At rest)
Carbs, Fats, Proteins (Submax and Maximal)

Question 2

For each of the 3 Energy systems,

Identify the Intensity

Answer 2

𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
High intensity (> 95% of max HR)

𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
High intensity (> 85% of max HR)

𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
Submaximal intensity (< 80% of max HR), Resting

Question 3

For each of the 3 Energy systems,

Identify the Dominant system duration

Answer 3

𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
Short duration (1-5 secs)

𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
Intermediate duration (5-60 secs)

𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
Long duration (75+ secs)

Question 4

For each of the 3 Energy systems,

Identify the Peak power

Answer 4

𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
2-4 secs

𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
5-15 secs

𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
1-1.5 mins

Question 5

For each of the 3 Energy systems,

Identify the Rates and Yields

Answer 5

𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
RATE - Fastest rate + Explosive
YIELD - Extremely limited (0.7 ATP per PC mol.)

𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
RATE - Fast
YIELD - Small amounts (2-3 ATP per glucose mol.)

𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
RATE - Medium
YIELD - Greatest/Largest (38 ATP per glucose mol., 441 ATP per triglyceride mol.)

Question 6

For each of the 3 Energy systems,

Identify the By-products

Answer 6

𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
Inorganic phosphates (Pi), ADP and AMP

𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
Lactic acid, H+ ions and ADP

𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
CO2, H2O, Heat

Question 7

For each of the 3 Energy systems,

Identify the Total duration

Answer 7

𝐀𝐓𝐏-𝐏𝐂
0-10 secs

𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐆𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬
10-75 secs

𝐀𝐞𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐜
75+ secs

Question 8

What is Energy Interplay?

Answer 8

A situation where all 3 energy systems contribute to ATP production, with 1 system being the major ATP producer at one time

Question 9

Contributions from the energy systems depend on…

HINT - 4 dot points

Answer 9

○ Intensity
○ Duration
○ Availability of oxygen
○ Availability of fuel stores

Question 10

a) What is LIP?

b) What intensity does an athlete usually reach their LIP?

Answer 10

a) The highest exercise intensity where lactate removal and lactate production are balanced

b) 85% max HR, 55-70% VO2 max

Question 11

What happens when we exercise above our LIP?

Answer 11

○ Increased contribution from the AG system
○ Accumulation of H+ ions and Lactate
○ Decreased time to exhaustion + fatigue

Question 12

a) Define oxygen uptake/VO2

b) Define VO2 max

Answer 12

a) The volume of O2 able to be taken up by, transported to and used by the body for energy production

b) SAME definition - Just add ‘Maximum’ before volume

Question 13

a) Define Oxygen deficit

b) Define Steady state

C) Define EPOC (Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consump.)

Answer 13

a) When oxygen demand exceeds oxygen supply
○ ATP supplied Anaerobically

b) When oxygen supply meets oxygen demand
○ ATP supplied Aerobically

c) The period after exercise stops when HR and O2 consumption remain above resting levels

Question 14

a) What happens during Fast EPOC?

b) What happens during Slow EPOC?

Answer 14

FAST
○ ATP resynthesis
○ PC resynthesis
○ Restore O2 to myoglobin

SLOW
○ Return core temp to pre-exercise levels
○ Oxidation of H+ ions (Lactate ⇨ H2O + O2)
○ Restore HR + ventilation to pre-exercise levels
etc.

Question 15

List the 4 Respiratory acute responses

Answer 15

○ Increased respiratory rate
○ Increased ventilation
○ Increased tidal volume
○ Increased pulmonary diffusion

Question 16

List the 8 Cardiovascular acute responses

Answer 16

○ Increased HR
○ Increased Stroke volume
○ Increased Cardiac volume
○ Increased Systolic blood pressure
○ Increased Redistribution of blood flow
○ Increased Venous return
○ Increased AVO2 difference
○ Decreased Blood volume

Question 17

List the 5 Muscular acute responses

Answer 17

○ Increased Motor unit recruitment
○ Increased Muscle temp.
○ Increased O2 uptake + consumption
○ Increased Metabolic by-products
○ Decreased Energy substrate stores

Question 18

INCREASED RESPIRATORY RATE
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit

Answer 18

a) Number of breaths per/min

b) As intensity ⇧, your RR increases to bring more O2 into your lungs = more O2 diffuses into the blood

c) 𝘔𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘰𝘹𝘺𝘨𝘦𝘯 𝘢𝘷𝘢𝘪𝘭𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘰 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘴 + 𝘮𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘈𝘛𝘗

Question 19

INCREASED VENTILATION
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit

Answer 19

a) Volume of O2 breathed in per/min 𝐕 = 𝐑𝐑 𝐱 𝐓𝐕

b) Start of exercise = increased breathing rate
Breathe more often + more deeply = ventilation increases to meet O2 demand

c) 𝘔𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘰𝘹𝘺𝘨𝘦𝘯 𝘢𝘷𝘢𝘪𝘭𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘰 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘴 + 𝘮𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘈𝘛𝘗

Question 20

INCREASED TIDAL VOLUME
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit

Answer 20

a) Volume of air breathed in per breath

b) Increased oxygen demand + consumption during exercise = depth of breathing and rate of breathing increases to bring in more oxygen

c) 𝘔𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘰𝘹𝘺𝘨𝘦𝘯 𝘢𝘷𝘢𝘪𝘭𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘰 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘴 + 𝘮𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘈𝘛𝘗

Question 21

INCREASED PULMONARY DIFFUSION
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit

Answer 21

a) The transfer of O2 from the alveoli (lungs) to the capillaries (blood)

b) Pulmonary diffusing capacity for oxygen increases during exercise = alveoli expand/increase their surface area - allowing more gas exchange in the lungs

c) More O2 available to working muscles + Greater removal of CO2

Question 22

INCREASED HEART RATE
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit

Answer 22

a) Number of beats of the heart per/min

b) Higher oxygen demand in working muscles = the heart/left ventricle pumps faster to deliver more oxygenated blood around the body

c) Increased volume of oxygenated blood transported + available to be used by the working muscles to make ATP

Question 23

INCREASED STROKE VOLUME
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit

Answer 23

a) Volume of blood pumped per beat of the heart

b) Higher oxygen demand at working muscles = heart pumps more forcefully/increases the amount of oxygenated blood that fills the left ventricle before it pumps

c) Increased volume of oxygenated blood transported + available to be used by the working muscles to make ATP

Question 24

INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT/VOLUME
a) Define
b) How does it occur
c) Its benefit

Answer 24

a) Volume of blood pumped by the heart per/min

b) Higher oxygen demand at working muscles = heart pumps more forcefully/increases the amount of oxygenated blood that fills the left ventricle before it pumps

c) Increased volume of oxygenated blood transported + available to be used by the working muscles to make ATP

Question 25

INCREASED SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE a) Define b) How does it occur c) Its benefit

Answer 25

a) The pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls when the heart contracts b) During exercise, Cardiac volume increases to meet oxygen demand = more blood is ejected from the heart = increased blood pressure as more blood is pushing through arteries c) More oxygenated blood is transported + available for the working muscles to make ATP

Question 26

INCREASED REDISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD FLOW a) Define b) How does it occur c) Its benefit

Answer 26

a) Altering the % of cardiac output that is distributed to various body sites b) Vasoconstriction restricts/limits the blood flow to inactive areas not being used during exercise = redirects oxygenated blood to working muscles via vasodilation c) More oxygenated blood is transported + available for the working muscles to make ATP

Question 27

INCREASED VENOUS RETURN a) Define b) How does it occur c) Its benefit

Answer 27

a) The blood returning to the heart via the venous system b) Contraction of the skeletal muscles surrounding veins increases the pressure within the veins = forcing blood towards the heart c) More blood can be reoxygenated + transported to the working muscles to make ATP

Question 28

INCREASED A-VO2 DIFFERENCE a) Define b) How does it occur c) Its benefit

Answer 28

a) The difference in the concent. of O2 in the arterial blood and venous blood b) Working muscles increase the amount of oxygen they extract from the arterial blood during exercise = less O2 in venous blood afterwards, greater a-vO2 difference c) More oxygen is utilised in the working muscles to make ATP + meet the energy demands of the exercise

Question 29

DECREASED BLOOD VOLUME a) Define b) How does it occur c) Its implications

Answer 29

a) Total quantity of blood in the body (Plasma + Cellular) b) During exercise, the body sweats in order to remove excess heat = fluids + plasma are lost in sweat - decreased blood volume due to losing water component in blood c) Thickens blood due to fluid loss = inhibits blood flow (NEGATIVE effect)

Question 30

INCREASED MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT a) Define b) How does it occur c) Its benefit

Answer 30

a) The number + frequency of motor units recruited for muscle contractions b) During exercise, your body requires many muscle contractions - the brain sends signals to working muscles, many motor units are recruited to perform the contractions to meet the demands of the activity c) Greater force (and speed) of contraction within the working muscles

Question 31

INCREASED MUSCLE TEMP a) Define b) How does it occur c) Its benefit

Answer 31

a) The degree or intensity of heat present in the muscles b) During exercise, large amounts of heat are produced in working muscles due to contractions/leftover ATP energy = increased muscle temp c) POSITIVES and NEGATIVES + Increased muscle elasticity/flexibility, less risk of injury - Fatigue factor: Body overheats to heat (e.g. heat stroke)

Question 32

INCREASED O2 UPTAKE AND CONSUMPTION a) Define b) How does it occur c) Its benefit

Answer 32

a) Volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the body b) A greater oxygen demand at working muscles during exercise = the volume of oxygen consumed by the muscles increases as exercise intensity increases c) Provide working muscles with enough oxygen to make ATP and meet the demands of the exercise

Question 33

INCREASED METABOLIC BY-PRODUCTS a) Define b) How does it occur c) Its implication

Answer 33

a) Substances leftover from metabolic processes b) During exercise, with Anaerobic contributions, once exceeding LIP, the body isn't able to remove excess lactic acid & H+ ions = Increased accumulation of metabolic by-products c) Acts as a fatigue factor, decreased time to exhaustion due to increased acidity in working muscles

Question 34

DECREASED ENERGY SUBSTRATE STORES a) Define b) How does it occur c) Its implications

Answer 34

a) Fuel sources required for ATP resynthesis b) Fuel stores are utilised during exercise to make ATP through the breakage of bonds - the body only contains limited stores that can be used by the working muscles c) Can act as a fatigue factor if fuel depletes and isn't given time to resynthesis (NEGATIVE effect)