Unit 3: Section 1- Intro to Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Define hydrocarbon

Answer 1

a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

Question 2

Define saturated

Answer 2

contains single carbon-carbon bonds only

Question 3

Define unsaturated

Answer 3

contains a C=C double bond

Question 4

Define molecular formula

Answer 4

the formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom

Question 5

Define empirical formula

Answer 5

shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound

Question 6

Define general formula

Answer 6

algebraic formula for homologous series e.g. CnH2n

Question 7

Define structural formula

Answer 7

shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, e.g.CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane

Question 8

Define displayed formula

Answer 8

shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule

Question 9

Define skeletal formula

Answer 9

simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

Question 10

What is a functional group?

Answer 10

an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties

Question 11

What is the shape around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons?

Answer 11

tetrahedral

Question 12

What is the bond angle around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons?

Answer 12

109.5

Question 13

What is a homologous series?

Answer 13

a family of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula

Question 14

What is the functional group of an alkane?

Answer 14

C-C

Question 15

What is the suffix of an alkane?

Answer 15

-ane

Question 16

What is the functional group of an alkene?

Answer 16

C=C

Question 17

What is the suffix of an alkene?

Answer 17

-ene

Question 18

What is the functional group of an alcohol?

Answer 18

-OH

Question 19

What is the suffix/prefix of an alcohol?

Answer 19

suffix -ol
prefix hydroxy-

Question 20

What is the functional group of a halogenoalkane?

Answer 20

C- halogen

Question 21

What are three prefixes for a halogenoalkane?

Answer 21

chloro-
bromo-
iodo-

Question 22

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

Answer 22

-C-H
=O

carbon double bonded to oxygen and two hydrogen single bonds

Question 23

What is the suffix/ prefix of an aldehyde?

Answer 23

suffix -al
prefix formyl-

Question 24

What is the functional group of a ketone?

Answer 24

-C=O

Question 25

What is the suffix/ prefix of a ketone?

Answer 25

suffix -one prefix oxo-

Question 26

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

Answer 26

- C - OH =O carbon double bonded to one oxygen, single bonded to other oxygen

Question 27

What is the functional group of esters?

Answer 27

- C - O =O carbon double bonded to one oxygen, single bonded to other oxygen

Question 28

What are the suffixes used for esters?

Answer 28

-yl -oate

Question 29

How do you name compounds with more than one functional group?

Answer 29

using the order of precedence the highest precedence takes the suffix (and the lowest number on the carbon chain) all the other functional groups take prefix form

Question 30

What is the IUPAC order of precedence?

Answer 30

1. carboxylic acid 2. aldehydes 3. ketones 4. alcohols 5. alkenes 6. halogenoalkanes

Question 31

Describe how to name a carbon chain

Answer 31

1. count how many carbons are in the longest chain and name appropriately 2. find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain 3. add the appropriate prefix for each branch chain, order in alphabetical order on the chain

Question 32

What is the prefix for each of the following: -CH3 -C2H5 -C3H7

Answer 32

-methyl -ethyl -propyl

Question 33

What should you do if the suffix starts with a vowel when naming a compound?

Answer 33

remove the -e from the alkane name

Question 34

What should you use to name a compound if there are two or three of a certain functional group?

Answer 34

di- tri-

Question 35

What are the two ways to break a covalent bond?

Answer 35

homolytic fission heterolytic fission

Question 36

How many electrons are in a single covalent bond?

Answer 36

2

Question 37

What does an arrow with only one head show?

Answer 37

the movement of one electron

Question 38

What happens in homolytic fission?

Answer 38

two free radicals are formed each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond

Question 39

Define free radical

Answer 39

a reactive species which possess an unpaired electron

Question 40

What charge do free radicals have?

Answer 40

no charge

Question 41

How are free radicals represented?

Answer 41

a dot

Question 42

What does a two headed arrow show?

Answer 42

the movement of a pair of electrons

Question 43

What happens in heterolytic fusion?

Answer 43

one atom gets both electrons so, ions are produced

Question 44

What do most organic reactions take place by?

Answer 44

heterolytic fission

Question 45

Where does a curly arrow start in a mechanism?

Answer 45

from a lone pair of electrons or the centre of a bond

Question 46

How can the formation of a covalent bond be shown using curly arrows?

Answer 46

drawing a curly arrow from a lone pair of electrons, or from another covalent bond

Question 47

How can the breaking of a covalent bond be shown using curly arrows?

Answer 47

if the curly arrow starts at the bond

Question 48

Define isomers

Answer 48

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms within the molecule.

Question 49

What are structural isomers?

Answer 49

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula, but different structural formula

Question 50

What are the three types of structural isomerism?

Answer 50

chain position functional group

Question 51

What is chain isomerism?

Answer 51

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton

Question 52

What is position isomerism?

Answer 52

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton

Question 53

What is functional group isomerism?

Answer 53

compounds with the same molecular formula but with the atoms arranged to give different functional groups e.g. ethanol and methoxymethane

Question 54

What is stereoisomerism?

Answer 54

same structural formula, but different spatial arrangement of atoms

Question 55

What homologous series does E-Z isomerism exist in?

Answer 55

alkenes

Question 56

Why do E-Z isomers exist?

Answer 56

1. due to the restricted rotation about the C=C bond 2. when there are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond

Question 57

How can single carbon-carbon bonds covalent bonds rotate?

Answer 57

easily

Question 58

What is the priority group in E-Z isomerism?

Answer 58

the atom with the bigger atomic number is classed as the priority atom

Question 59

Describe how to name E-Z isomers

Answer 59

- first determine the priority groups on each side of the double bond - if the priority atom is on the same side of the double bond it is Z-isomer - if the priority group is on the opposite side of the double bond it is E-isomer

Question 60

Why can EZ isomers have different physical properties?

Answer 60

polarity can effect the intermolecular forces, which can change the boiling and melting points of the different isomers