Unit 3 Test Flashcards by Jamaica Mae Sanchez

Types of muscle tissue:
Location:
Function:
Voluntary/Involuntary:
Structure

Smooth:
-Organs
-Housekeepers (contraction)
-Involuntary
-Sheets and Spindles
Cardiac:
-Heart
-Pumps blood from heart to lungs->body
-Involuntary
-Stripped
Skeletal: 30-40% of the body
-Attached to bones
-Support+Joint stability, protection of the internal organs, movements, keeps posture, storage system (calcium, phosphate, components of blood)
-Voluntary

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What is agonist, antagonist and stabilizers

agonist- the muscle moving
antagonist- the muscle lengthening
stabilizers- provide support by holding joint in place

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Shoulder abduction and adduction

Shoulder abduction - deltoid, latissimus dorsi
Shoulder adduction- latissimus dorsi

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elbow extension and flexion

Elbow extension- triceps brachii, biceps brachii
Elbow flexion- Biceps brachii, triceps brachii

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Hip extension and flexion

Hip extension- Gluteus maximus and iliacus
Hip flexion- Iliacus and Gluteus maximus

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Hip abduction and adduction

Hip abduction- Gluteus minimus and medius, adductor magnus
Hip adduction- Adductor magnus, Gluteus minimus and medius

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Knee extension and flexion

Knee extension- quadriceps, hamstrings
Knee flexion- hamstrings, quadriceps

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Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

Plantarflexion- Gastrocnemius and soleus, tibialis anterior
Dorsiflexion- Tibialis anterior, Gastrocnemius and soleus

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What is origin and insertion

Origin- muscle attach to bone that does not move (top)
Insertion- muscle attach to bone that moves (bottom)

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Sarcomere

-Compartment of the myosin and the actin
-where muscle contraction occurs

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Sarcplasmic reticulum

-release calcium for myosin head attachment

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Neuromuscular system

-linkage between the nervous system and muscular system

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Neuromuscular junction steps

-Nerve impulse travels through the nerve pathways and ends at the neuromuscular junction (between nerve and muscle fibre)
-Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that is released
-Receptors at the en of the muscle fibre detect the Acetylcholine causing the muscle contraction

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Motor unit

-Muscle twitch is a Single nerve impulse and the result of a muscle contraction
-One neuron (motor neuron) is responsible for stimulating numerous muscle fibres
-Stimulates axion (pathway) and muscle fibre together
-Fine motor unit stimulates fewer muscle fibre
-Gross motor unit stimulates larger muscle fibres
-All or none rule means that all or no muscle fibres are contracting

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Central nervous system

-Brain and Spine

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Peripheral Nervous sytem

Somatic and autonomic nervous sytem

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Human nervous system

-CNS sends message through PNS and vice versa

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Autonomic nervous system

-Involuntary
-Regulates smooth and cardiac muscle of internal organs
-Sympathetic - body changes for emergencies
-Parasympathetic- body returns back to normal

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Somatic nervous system

-Voluntary
-Skeletal muscle allowing movements
-Sprinting

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Muscle strain and tears

-Pulling or twisting
-1st degree- swelling and bruising, limited pain
-2nd degree- physiotherapy
-3rd degree- surgery and rehabilitation

DOMS (Delayed onset muscle soreness)

-tear of mucle fibres
-exercise related
-RICE
-pain is not the same as acute pain of muscle strain or fatigue

Tendonitis

-Overuse of muscle causing tendon to be irritated
-Golfers elbow, Tennis elbow
-Pain or tenderness, stiffness and pain, strong pulling or sharp pain, swelling, numbness, or tingling sensation
-Rest, protect with splints, slings, or cast, Ice, medication, physical therapy

Sliding filaments theory

-Attach, rotate, deattach, reattach

Two function of the skin

-Sensory information received from the outside world sent to nervous system to create a proper body response
-makes specialized structure

What are muscle made of

lacing filaments

what happens when Nerve switches muscles on

-filaments slide past each other

What happens when nerve switches off

- they relax

muscle on the lower arm moves--

-hands

muscle on the upper are moves--

lower arm

muscle on the shoulder girdle moves--

upper arms

buttocks and upper abdominal cavity moves--

upper legs

upper legs movess--

lower legs

what does the body need transmit force from body to ground

legs need to be fairly large

how are bones held together

ligaments

Cartilage

interface between two bones smooth movements reduces friction

Damaged catilage

Osteoarthritis

what is brain made of

10 billion nerve cells

The brain is the organ through which we:

perform function we are aware of

Reflex

Automatic, rapid, and unconscious response to specific stimuli

Cerebral reflex

command center is located in the brain

Spinal reflex

Command center located in the spinal chord

Automatic reflex

-Activate smooth, cardiac muscles, and glands -Regulate digestion, elimination, blood pressure, salvation, and sweating

Somatic reflex

-Skeletal muscles

Reflex arc

Sensory stimuli and corresponding messages' pathway signal transmit of motor neurons creating a response

Five parts of reflex arc

-Sensory receptors-receives initial stimuli -sensory neuron nerve-carries the impulse to spinal column/brain -interneuron-interprets the signal and issue and appropriate response -motor-carries the response from spinal chord to brain -affecter organ-carries out response

Proprioception

-ability to sense position, orientation, and movement of the body

Proprioceptors

-sensory receptors found in the muscle, tendons, joints, and inner ear that can detect motion or position of the body or limb by responding to stimuli -muscle spindle (maintain muscle tension and that are sensitive to changes in muscle length, involved in the reflex contraction) and organise

Golgi tendon organs

-found at the end of muscle fibre connected to the tendon -detect changes in the muscle tension -protect muscle from excessive tension -When change in tension is detected an impulse is sent along to CNS where they synapse with motor neuron of the same muscle -efferent neurons transmit an impulse causing muscle to react, preventing injury