Unit 3: The Expansion of China

Question 0

scholar-gentry

Answer 0

influences bureaucracy
Def: The chinese class of well-educated men from whom many of the bureaucrats were chosen

Question 1

The Tang Dynasty

Answer 1

internal disorder before Tang
618
conquer center Asia to east border of Bactria (Afghan) & Some of Tibet, Manchuria, South Vietnam
Strengthened Great Wall => ward off nomads
bureaucracy influenced by scholar gentry and Confucianism
Chinese civil service exam strengthened
Accept Buddhism both elite and low class results in => rulers’ acceptance

Question 2

Empress Wu

Answer 2

strongly support Buddhism (690-705); support art and sculpture; promote it as state religion

Question 3

Tang: Buddhism

Answer 3

monasteries all over
no tax for monasteries and it became powerful; Tang afraid of their power
rulers placed restrictions on gifts and money to monasteries
Buddhism died down, and Confucianism was popular again

Question 4

Tang Decline

Answer 4

internal rebellion
nomad invasions on northern border
9th century- nomads control a lot of north china
Civil disorder from Tang fall (907) and beginning Song (960)

Question 5

Tang: Achievements

Answer 5

trade and travel silk roads protected
contact w/ islamic people increased
ocean ships improved, and increase in interest
junks were world’s best ships; Chinese merchants dominate trade in Indian Ocean
paper $$ introduced
flying money-letters of credit=>long distance trade
cities grew
canals and irrigation :); extend Chinese canal to help GRAND CANAL
large estates broken up and distributed
gunpowder invented
short stories and poems popular
tea and fast growing rice from Vietnam
population growth in rice growing(south) more than millet growing (north)

Question 6

Junks

Answer 6

world’s best ships

def: large chinese sailing ships especially designed for long-distance travel during the Tang and Song dynasties

Question 7

flying money

Answer 7

letters of credit

Question 8

Grand Canal

Answer 8

1,100 mile waterway constructed under the Sui to ease trade by connecting northern and southern China

Question 9

The Song Dynasty

Answer 9

960
can’t control Khitan (nomads) completely; they were settled in the north
had to pay tribute to khitan so they won’t invade
civil service exams emphasized
more prestige to scholar-gentry
neo-confucianism
cost of tribute to Khitan=>bad economy; especially peasents; neo confucianism helped them reestablish chinese traditions
another threat: Jurchens (more nomads); conquer Khitan and continue south,(basin of Huang He(yellow) river), pushing Song to basin of Yangtze River; thrive there til 1279

Question 10

neo-Confucianism

Answer 10

blend of confucian and buddhist values
Confucianism: respect elders; people like that
reinforced gender and class distinctions

Question 11

Song: Achievements

Answer 11

oversea trade continue
artists=>landscape paintings
warefare: catapults=>for bombs, grenades; army and ships use flame throwers and rocket launchers
printing: movable type
compasses used ocean
abacus to aid counting and recording of taxes
footbinding among elite; later, lower class, too
patriarchal family intensified

Question 12

abacus

Answer 12

an ancient Chinese counting device that used rods on which were mounted movable counters

Question 13

footbinding

Answer 13

in china, a method of breaking and biding women’s feet; seen as a sign of beauty and social position, footbinding also confined women to the household

Question 14

extension of China’s Influence

Answer 14

japan built on Chinese culture

Vietnam and Korea made new cultures

Question 15

Japan

Answer 15

7th century: Chinese culture in Japan
Japan adopt culture including Buddhism and Chinese characters; Buddhism mix with Shinto
aristocrat against full adopt of Chinese culture=> restore elite classes and establish large estates
aristocrats had own militaries
capital Kyoto
japanese emperor power begin decline b/c aristocrat power; local lords power increased (they led own tiny kingdom); construct fortress w/ ditches like moats
12 century: Fujiwara family (and other powerful families) ally with local lords
Gempei Wars=>result in Minamoto family rule and samurai on their side
emperor gov’t broke down and Confucianism distanced

Question 16

Shinto

Answer 16

the traditional Japanese belief system that revered spirits of nature and of ancestors

Question 17

bushi

Answer 17

maintain own military

leaders of small states in Japan

Question 18

samurai

JAPAN

Answer 18

served bushi
military troops
also serve in capital and protect emperor from bandits
rise led to feudalism develop in Japan (similar to west europe)
required to pledge loyalty to lord and give him military if needed
code: bushido
class of both men and women

Question 19

feudalism

Answer 19

a political, economic, and social system based on the relationship between lord and vassal in order to provide protection

Question 20

BUSHIDO
sammuri
japan

Answer 20

samurai code of honor

include practice of seppuku

Question 21

SEPPUKU
bushido
samurai
japan

Answer 21

disembowelment, form of suicide by defeated or dishonored warriors to keep family honor

Question 22

SERFS

japan

Answer 22

jpanese peasanst gradually became serfs bound to land and considered property of local lord

Question 23

Gempei Wars

japan

Answer 23

peasants against samurai
japanese countryside was destroyed
1185, Minamoto(powerful family) establish bakufu

Question 24

bakufu
japan
Gempei Wars

Answer 24

military government

Question 25

The Shogunate

Japan

Answer 25

13, 14 century: japanese authority were w/ major families=>control military leaders=>shoguns
14 century: civil disorder=>less power for emperor and shogunate=>allow bushi to acquire land and divide amongst samurai
bushi: leader of small states
more rebellion (1467-1477) divide Japan 300 tiny kingdoms; each ruled by daimyo
warrior culture changed; bushido lost dominance 15 and 16 century
bushido: samurai code of honor
big castles of stone and wood
poor trained peasant army=>fighting force of daimyo armies
daimyo: warlord of tiny kingdom
some daimyo create centralization: taxes, irrigation, trade w/ china(long-distance)(common currency=>help centralization of the state)
merchant and artisan people start (men and women)
Japanese art imitate chinese, later had own style in sketches
Shintoism and Buddhism were reflected in 2 additional examples of Japanese artistry: the tea ceremony and decorative gardens

Question 26

shogunate

japan

Answer 26

the rule of the shoguns

shoguns: military leaders under the bakufu
	bakufu: military govt in japan after Gempei Wars; emperor just figurehead; real power w/ military (samurai)

Question 27

daimyo
japan
shogunate

Answer 27

warlord
ruled 1 of 300 tiny kingdoms
def: a japanese feudal lord in charge of an army of samurai

Question 28

the tea ceremony

japan

Answer 28

an ancient Shinto ritual still performed in the traditional Japanese capital of Kyoto

Question 29

Korea

Answer 29

Chinese influence Korea 4th century BC=>metallurgy and agriculture
during Han, Chinese went to Korea=>Buddhism introduced to Korea(also writing and Confucian classics)
Tang defeat Korea b/c they didn’t want to be ruled
Silla Kingdom of Korea made Tang go away 668, Tang withdraw for arrangement: Silla were vassals for Tang and required tribute
after Tang withdraw, Silla unite Korea
Buddhism popular; especially elite class
porcelain manufacture from China to Korea; modified porcelain to make CELADON=>pale green color
13 century Mongol invade=>interfere w/ china and korea relationship, but 1392, korea took it back and once again established contacts with the Chinese

Question 30

Silla

Korea

Answer 30

Silla Kingdom of Korea made Tang go away 668, Tang withdraw for arrangement: Silla were vassals for Tang and required tribute
after Tang withdraw, Silla unite Korea
studied chinese customs and willing to KOWTOW to Chinese emperor
introduced Chinese civil service exam to Korea
gave tribute to Chinese=>that let them participate in trade and education with Viet, Japan, other East people=>commercial increase

Question 31

Vietnam

Answer 31

admire technological advance and politics of Chinese, but want own independence
before Qin, Viet had active trade w/ south China
lands of Red River valley under their control & intermarry peoples
diff language
village, not urban
base society on nuclear family
women more privileges than china
buddhism more popular Viet than China

Han want to annex S China to empire, Viet oppose
Han conquered Viet 111BC
Under Han, adopt agriculture &irrigation, Confucian and ancestors, extended family structure
sometimes rebel against chinese
fall of Tang 907, they made major protest=>939: Viet independence
continue Confucian civil service exam(ended before)
conquest of neighboring people success b/c of military organize and technology from China