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From Flashcardlet > Unit 3: The Rise and Spread of Islam > Flashcards

Unit 3: The Rise and Spread of Islam Flashcards

1
Q

Muhammad

A

born Arabian Peninsula 570

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2
Q

Umayyad

A

after Ali died 661
capital at Damascus in Syria
empire that emphasized Arabic ethnicity over adherence to Islam
respect Jews and Christians as “People of the Book”; though they were taxed; allowed freedom to practice religion
luxury for rich, ruling families; riots among commoners; led to overthrow by Abbasid 750
one member of family (Umayyad) survive and go to Spain, establish Caliphate of Cordoba

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3
Q

Abbasid

A

supported by Shia, but receptive to Sunni
capital Baghdad, Iraq
equal status to converts to Islam
converts: opportunity for advance education and career advance
trade w/ Mediterranean to china grew
Greek, Rome, Persia culture preserved
Aristotle was in Muslim thought
number system “0”
math: algebra, geometry, trig; refiined
astrolabe improved
literature: Arabian Nights
optic surgery
astronomy
detailed maps
new architectural styles
persian language blend with arabic
VAST EMPIRE HARD TO RULE; fail to address problem of succession; high taxes :(
independent kingdoms: persia; sultan took control Baghdad 945
ended 13 century: Mongol invade and execute Abbasid caliph

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4
Q

People of the Book

A

Jews and Christians

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5
Q

Shia

A

believe only a member of family of Muhammad should serve as caliph
support descendants of Ali

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6
Q

zakat

A

tithe for the needy

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7
Q

Quran

A

holy book of the Muslims

completed 650

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8
Q

Shariah

A

moral law

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9
Q

Hadith

A

sayings of Muhammad put in here

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10
Q

Sunni

A

became largest segment of Islam

believed successor to caliphate should be chosen from among umma, or Muslim community

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11
Q

umma

A

Muslim community; group of followers who followed Muhammad

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12
Q

astrolabe

A

measured position of stars

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13
Q

arabesques

A

calligraphy and designs

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14
Q

minarets

A

towers from which the faithful received the call to prayer

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15
Q

mosques

A

muslim place of worship

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16
Q

Sufis

A

mystics
focus on emotional unioin with Allah
began missionary work to spread Islam

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17
Q

sultan

A

local leader

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18
Q

seljuk turks

A

chipped away at byzantine empire
Persian sultanate allied w/ Seljuk
mid 11 century controlled Baghdad
contact with Abbasid led them to begin converting to Sunni mid 10 century
take over Jerusalem: beginning of Crusades 1095

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19
Q

crusades

A

divisions within Muslim world allow Christians from West Europ to take over Jerusalem during 1st Crusade
Saladin, however, Muslim armies reconquer most lost territory during 12 century

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20
Q

Al-Andalus

A

Islamic Spain
711 Berbers from North Africa conquer Iberian peninsula and advance stopped 200 miles S of Paris @Battle of Tours 732
Alli of Umayyad, caliphs of al-Andalus: serve and preserve Greek and Roman culture, enhance w/ science math development of Muslim world
Caliphate of Cordoba: magnificent library, free education
inter-region commerce good, Arabic words added to Spanish vocab
Muslim styles: minarets, rounded arches, arabesques: used in Spanish art and architecture

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21
Q

Islam in india

A

btw 7 and 12 century, Muslim expand NW India to Indus Valley & N India
govt center Delhi; more power by military conquest; control N India 1206-1526
Indians don’t practice Islam, but some accepted by Buddhists; also lower caste and untouchables b/c accept all
Delhi Sultanate fail to have strong administration (but introduce Islam to India)

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22
Q

Islam in Southeast Asia

A

SE Asia spread w/ trading and converting, not military
8th century, Muslim traders arrive SE Asia
not popular w/ Buddhists; but people on islands more receptive to Islam (Indian Ocean)
Islam also in Malaysia, Indonesia, S Philippines

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23
Q

Islam in Africa

A

jihad brought Islam to Africa 8th century
many many trader and traveler came on caravan routes
10th century Egypt part of Muslim territory
rulers south of sahara adapt well to muslim belief of secular and spiritual powers in caliph
rulers in Ghana (10th century) convert to Islam
13th century conversion of rulers in Mali (east of Ghana)
common people like polytheism
converts blend religions together
some resist b/c women more freedom in their culture than Islam
Indian Ocean trade; some African cities vibrant centers of Islam; catch attention of Ibn Battuta- Arab traveler
Islam not successful inside Africa
East: rulers were first to convert & much later the commoners
women resistant b/c got more freedom w/ polytheistic than Islam

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24
Q

jihad

A

Islamic holy war

Brought Islam to Africa

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25
Q

Mamluk Dynasty

A

islam power in Baghdad destroy by Mongols
mamluk provide force that made egypt center for muslim culture and learning
converts to islam
keep position of caliph by strict care of islam
encourage safe trade routes
contribute to egypt prospering 14 &15 century
internal disorder: take over 16 century by Ottoman Turks

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26
Q

Woman in Islam

A

change from Muhammad time to 15 century
early: veil not required; not secluded from public
contact with Mid East woman started this (veil, seclusion)
harem (abassid origins)
men and women equal before Allah
female infanticide was forbidden
women can own property whenever
can divorce husband and remarry
seclusion: keep women away from gaze of men
African women dislike
Quaran and shariah establish patriarchal society, so women don’t like it
More patriarchal as time passed

27
Q

harem

A

many wives, but wives only one husband

28
Q

Khmer temples

A

.

28
Q

slavery in Dar al-Islam

A

Islam law forbid people to enslave other Muslims, except prisoner of war
Muslims known to free their slaves (especially if convert to Islam)
children of slave woman and Muslim man is free

29
Q

Hagia Sophia

A

.

30
Q

Otto I

A

.

31
Q

caesaropapism

A

.

32
Q

hajj

A

pilgrimage

33
Q

Hijra

A

flee

turning point of Islam

34
Q

Song Dynasty

A

shogun

35
Q

fiefs

A

.

36
Q

Buddhism

A

.

37
Q

feudalism

A

.

38
Q

Black Death

A

Changed the course of political institutions

39
Q

“Greek Fire”

A

Byzantine weapon

40
Q

imam

A

not like prophet

no connection with God

41
Q

Jews

A

can eat beef

forbidden to eat shellfish, pork, …

42
Q

islamic invasions

A

decline of buddhism

43
Q

Middle Ages

A

no centralized gov’t

44
Q

missi dominici

A

.

45
Q

TeNaKh

A

Jewish scripture

46
Q

Belgium

A

Rhine River

47
Q

Justinian

A

codification of Roman law

48
Q

Arians

A

.

49
Q

Council of Nicaea

A

.

50
Q

Constantine

A

.

51
Q

Turkey

A

face Vienna & it’s to the right of Athens

52
Q

Germany

A

You’re in London facing Belarus; What’s in front of you?

53
Q

Post-Classical Age

A

caste system became securely established in India for the 1st time

54
Q

foot binding

A

patriarchal nature of Chinese society

55
Q

The Seal of the Prophets

A

the final prophet of whom Allah would reveal his message to humankind

56
Q

Five Pillars

A
  1. Allah is only god and Muhammad is prophet
  2. pray to Allah daily, facing Mecca
  3. Fast during Ramadan from dawn til dusk
  4. alms for relief of weak and poor
  5. hajj
57
Q

jihad

A

“struggle”

sometimes wage war on nonbelievers who might pose threat

58
Q

expanding islam

A

633 and 637: took advantage of of byzantine difficulties and seized Byzantine Syria and Palestine and took most of Mesopotamia from Sasanids

59
Q

jizya

A

special tax put on non Islams

60
Q

Umayyad dynasty decline

A

luxury living
Shia resisted them
conquered peoples and military leaders discontent
rebellion caused them to fall

61
Q

Abu al-Abbas

A

leader of rebellion that took down Umayyad
respect both sects
was on Sunni side, but respect Shia
persians liked him because he was against Umayyad rule
they fought and took over rule of the empire
he invited survivors to banquet and killed them all there
lived “dar al-Islam”

62
Q

Abbasid Dynasty

A

more cosmopolitan
arabs AND egyptians and persians and all those conquered peoples could old important roles in societies
“dar al Islam”
merchants introduced Islam to south India and sub saharan Africa

63
Q

Abbasid Administration

A

Didn’t do much conquering or distributing land to other people. This proves to be a failure in the past.

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