Unit 3- the rise of hitler and the nazis to January 1933 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
When was the German workers party (DAP) founded?
A
January 1919
2
Q
Who founded the German Workers party?
A
Anton Drexler
3
Q
What did the workers party believe
A
-Democracy was weak and a powerful leader was needed
-Jews were to blame for making Germany weak
-Communists and socialists brought about the Kaiser’s fall
-The terms of the Treaty of Versailles should not be accepted
4
Q
How many members were there when the DAP was founded?
A
6 members
5
Q
What was Hitler’s initial contact with the DAP?
A
He spied on them for the army and slowly realised that their views aligned with his.
6
Q
When did Hitler join the DAP?
A
September 1919
7
Q
What happened in 1920 February?
A
Hitler was put in charge of propaganda and public speech
8
Q
What happened during 1920s to the NSDAP
A
Hitler and Drexler rewrote the aims of the party
the party was simultaneously named the National Socialist German Worker’s party
(NSDAP)- Nazis in short
9
Q
How many members were there in the NSDAP by the end of 1920?
A
around 1100
10
Q
What happened to the NSDAP by 1921?
A
Hitler ousted Drexler (as he held many left wing ideals) and became leader of the NSDAP
11
Q
What was the 25 point programme?
A
the foundational platform of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). It was a list of political demands that outlined the Nazi vision for Germany.
12
Q
What were some key points of the 25 point programme?
A
- Extreme Nationalism
- Anti-Semitism
- Rejection of Versailles Treaty
- Territorial Expansion
- Social and Economic Reforms
13
Q
What was the disadvantage of the values and policies of the NSDAP
A
They appealed to every group - no group entirely agreed with nazi policies.
14
Q
how did Hitler attract new members to the Nazi party?
A
his powerful oratory, espousing his belief that Germany needed a powerful authoritarian government.
This was popular among critics of Weimar
14
Q
What group did nazi values appeal to the most?
A
the nationalists
15
Q
What were Nazis able to purchase by the end of 1920s
A
their own newspaper- The Peoples Observer- this was used to spread the Party’s views and propaganda.
16
Q
What were Hitler’s main contributions to the growth of the Nazi party?
A
-Controlled the NSDAP like a military leader- suggested strength and organisation
-Suggested the name change that was made in August 1920- Bigger appeal
-Introduced the swastika emblem- effective propaganda- recognisable, easy to draw
-Surrounded himself with loyal individuals such as Rohm, Goering and Hess- power, security
17
Q
Who did Hitler strategically develop a partnership with?
A
General Ludendrff- A respected German army commander in WW1- ensured more influence and army support
18
Q
When was the SA founded?
A
1921
19
Q
What was the SA
A
-created as a paramilitary force
-role was to disrupt the meetings of opposing political parties and control crowds at Nazi meetings
20
Q
Who joined the SA? Why?
A
ex- Friekorps members- They shared Hitler’s sense of nationalism and resented the settlement after WW1
21
Q
Who was the leader of the SA?
A
Ernst Rohm- one of Hitler’s loyal supporters
22
Q
What was their nickname?
A
Brownshirts- their uniform
Stormtroopers
23
Q
What were the benefits of membership?
A
Uniforms, meals and hostel accomodation
24
Who were the SA loyal to?
Hitler
24
How did they promote Hitler? What did this show to the public?
They paraded the streets as a show of force to demonstrate Hitler's power and organisation.
25
what was the purpose of the Munich putsch?
To overthrow the Weimar republic.
26
What made Hitler want to carry out the Munich Putsch
- Resentment for the Weimar Republic had built up- issues such as the 'stab in the back myth', the terms of the TOV- support for nationalist parties had grown
- Munich was a city in Bavaria- a conservative, antisemitic, nationalist state. The leaders including Gustav von kahr were hostile to Weimar
-Ruhr crisis made Weimar government seem powerless
- Hyper-inflation reached its peak in November 1923.
- Mussolini had marched on Rome and became leader in 1922- Hitler took inspiration
-Nazis had 20,000 supporters and a powerful private army
- General Ludendorff convinced Hitler that he could get the army on the side of the Nazis.
27
Who were the key figures in the Munich putsch?
Otto Van Lossow- Head of German army in Bavaria
Gustav Von Kahr- Bavarian Prime minister
Erich Ludendorff- Led the Putsch along with Hitler and was arrested as a result.
28
What happened on the 8th of November?
-Hitler and his SA supporters stormed the beer hall
-Hitler forced Kahr and Lossow to support his plan to march to Berlin and install Ludendorff as Germany's new leader.
-However, Lossow and Kahr were able to escape the beer hall and immediately denounced the Putsch
29
What happened on the 9th of November?
- President Ebert declared a state of emergency and Lossow was told to stop the uprising.
- Lossow and Von Kahr announced their opposition to the Putsch.
-Ludendorff believed the soldiers would give him their support and persuaded Hitler not to give up.
30
How did Lossow and Kahr escape the beer hall?
after Hitler left, Ludendorff, who was leading the putsch in Hitler's absence, allowed them to leave, believing they were now fully on board with the coup.
31
What happened on the 11th of November?
Hitler was arrested
32
What happened February of 1924?
Hitler, Ludendorff, Rohm and other Nazi leaders were put on trial.
33
What were the main reasons of the munich putch's failure?
-Hitlers method of threatening others to achieve the goal rather than convincing people- this meant they didn't truly believe in or support the Putsch
- not enough preparation, naivety
- Hitler overestimated how much support he had and underestimated the armys power
-Weimar was prepared. The army were strong and shot the Nazis
- Ludendorffs incompetence
34
What happened on midday of Nov 9th 1923
-2000 Nazis and their supporters marched into Munich, aiming to take over vital buildings in the city
-Armed police and soldiers confronted the Nazis
-Fire was exchanged- 14 Nazis were killed
35
How did Hitler take advantage of the trial?
-gave hitler a platform to espouse his views- made speeches attacking Weimar government, claiming that they were the traitors, not him
- Hitler was seen as a nationalist standing up for German rights.
-He was more so able to do this due to the judges prior support for the nationalists
-Although the judge
36
What was the verdict for Hitler's trial?
although his nationalist and patriotic sentiments impressed the judges, he was still:
- found guilty of treason
- sentenced to 5 years in prison- however only served 9 months
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Was ludendorff found guilty?
no.
38
What happened to the nazi party after the trial?
It was banned
39
What did Hitler's light sentence suggest?
- He had support in high ranks
- It was proof that influential figures were anti-Weimar
40
What did Hitlers time in prison allow him to do?
-reflect on the best way to gain power
-Wrote the Nazi manifesto- Mein Kampf
41
Who was in prison with Hitler?
Rudolf Hess- later made deputy head of the Nazis.
Hitler dictated his ideas and Hess wrote them down
42
When was the ban on the Nazi party lifted?
1925 February- Hitler decided to relaunch the party.
43
Where did Hitler choose to make his return?
The Munich beer hall- the location of the Beer Hall Putsch.
44
How many people attended the rally?
4000 people
45
What did Mein Kampf contain?
many of Hitlers key beliefs that he would put into practice from 1933-
-measures against the Jews
-Aryan supremacy and dominance
-Lebensraum ('living room'- areas of land that the Nazis claimed they would acquire to provide space for a growing aryan population
-Overthrow the democratic system as it is weak
-The Treaty of Versailles must be undone
-Volksge Meinschaft- "peoples community" creating an exclusive community of germanic, aryan people regardless of class
46
Where was the national headquarters of the Nazi Party established?
In Munich.
47
How did the Nazi Party organize Germany to increase its support?
They divided Germany into 34 districts and appointed a leading Nazi to each district to increase support.
48
What was the significance of the 1926 Bamberg Conference for Hitler's leadership?
At the conference, Hitler persuaded party members to re-adopt the 25-point plan and solidified his position as the unchallenged leader of the Nazi Party.
49
Where and when was the first Nazi rally held?
The first Nazi rally was held in Weimar in 1926.
50
What group did Hitler encourage to join the SA?
Hitler encouraged young people to join the SA (Sturmabteilung) and established the Hitler Youth.
51
What was the name of Hitler's new private bodyguard, and what was its purpose?
The Schutzstaffel (SS) was established as Hitler's private bodyguard to protect him and enforce Nazi ideology.
52
What were the main themes of Goebbels' propaganda efforts?
Goebbels emphasized antisemitism (hatred of Jews) and anticommunism in his propaganda.
53
How did the Nazis use public meetings and training to spread their message?
The Nazis held public meetings across Germany and trained their members to be effective public speakers to gain support.
54
What was the purpose of the Nazi Women's League and similar organizations?
These organizations were created to instill Nazi messages in specific groups, such as women, to gain their support.
55
Why did the Nazis focus on gaining support from farmers in the late 1920s?
Agriculture was suffering badly in the late 1920s, and the Nazis targeted farmers to gain their support by addressing their struggles.
56
How many seats were won in May 1924 elections?
32 seats
57
How many seats were won in 1928? what did this show? Why?
Seats won: The Nazi Party won 12 seats- they won up to 18% in farming areas but only 1% in Berlin/Ruhr
What it showed: showed that the Nazi Party had limited support among the German population at the time.
Why: The German economy was relatively stable during the "Golden Twenties," and extremist parties like the Nazis struggled to gain traction. Most Germans were more focused on moderate or traditional parties.
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Who became president in 1925?
Von hindenburg
59
Who was Von Hindenburg?
- Army commander from WW1
- Popular with conservatives and nationalists
-Made democracy more palatable to those on the right.
60
What happened in October of 1929?
-The wallstreet crash
Stresemann died- setback for Weimar republic.
61
What led to the Wall Street Crash?
Speculation: Many investors borrowed money to buy stocks, driving prices to unsustainable levels.
Loss of confidence: When stock prices began to fall, panic selling ensued, causing the market to collapse.
62
What did the US do to Germany
they recalled the loans it made to Germany resulting in a financial crisis. The government did not have enough money to repay the loans.
unemployment levels were substantial as businesses had to close.
63
How many members were there in 1929?
100,000 members
64
What did the Great depression mean for Hitler?
-Demoralisation of the German population meant that Hitler could influence them with his nationalist, patriotic views.
-Hitler could take advantage of their resentment for foreign countries as well as the poor economy
-He promised he could save Germany from communism- Bread, Freedom, Work.
65
How did the great depression affect the German people in general?
- unemployment meant widespread poverty
- People couldnt pay rent or afford food
- Businesses went bankrupt
-Goods were sold at lower prices
66
How did the Great depression impact young people?
more than 50 per cent of people aged 16-30 were unemployed.
67
How did the Great Depression impact Factory workers?
Four out of ten could not get a job. They also suffered because unemployment benefits were reduced by the government.
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How did the Great Depression impact farmers?
Farmers had already been struggling since the mid 1920s due to the prices of their goods falling.
Many were in debt. The economic problems in rural areas led to an increase in support for the Nazis.
69
How did the Great depression impact businessmen?
Those who managed to keep their businesses struggled because people had less money to spend on goods. This was partly because of government tax rises
70
How did the Great depression impact the Weimar republic?
The SDP and Centre Party (the two main parties in the coalition gov.) fell out.
Bruning (Centre party leader) suggested making further cuts to welfare benefits. But Hermann Muller (SDP leader) refused to accept.
Muller resigned and Bruning became chancellor.
71
How high did unemployment figures reach in 1933?
In 1933, unemployment in Germany reached approximately 30%, with around 6 million people out of work.
72
How did Bruning become chancellor? What did this mean?
How: Brüning was appointed Chancellor in March 1930 by President Paul von Hindenburg, using Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, which allowed rule by emergency decree.
What it meant:
It marked the end of democratic governance in Germany, as Brüning relied on presidential decrees rather than parliamentary support.
It weakened the Weimar Republic and paved the way for authoritarian rule, contributing to the rise of extremist parties like the Nazis.
73
What unpopular measures did Bruning implement?
-Tax rises
-Cuts to unemployment benefit
This increased the suffering of the German people, leading to more Germans turning to extreme political parties
74
Which groups did Nazis scapegoat?
Jews, communists and weimar politicians.
Hitler utilised 'negative cohesion'- uniting people against these common enemies to create a sense of shared purpose and blame.
75
How many seats did Nazis win in 1930s
107 seats
communists won 77 seats, suggesting the shift in German votes
76
How did Nazis gain so many seats?
The appeal of Hitler
The SA
Propaganda
77
What factors made Hitler more appealing?
-He was presented as a strong, charismatic leader
-Propaganda depicted him as having ties with high ranking figures like Hindenburg (supported by soldiers and nationalists)
-Espoused anti-communist sentiment
- His posters and speeches appealed to a wide range of people
78
What did the SA make the Nazi party seem?
powerful, fearless, organised and threatening
79
How strong was the SA by 1930?
400,000 men strong
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What did the SA do?
-used intimidation, violence to threaten voters.
-Disrupted meetings of political opponents
81
What did Nazi propaganda do?
-appealed to many groups of people
-Focused on popular sentiments that would gain traction- not concrete ideas
82
What were nazi policies
they were quite changeable as Hitler changed his policies depending on popularity of these policies and who funded the party.
83
What were examples of propaganda?
Rallies with entertainment
8 newspapers that were all aimed at different audiences
Targeted posters
84
How many seats did the Nazis have in July 1932?
230 seats (37.4% of the votes) - they were the biggest party in the Reichstag.
85
When did Hitler run for president? Was his attempt successful?
Yes, Hitler ran for president in 1932 as the Nazi Party candidate.
Outcome: He lost to Paul von Hindenburg but gained significant support, winning 36.8% of the vote in the second round.
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How did Hitler become chancellor? Stepp by step.
1932 Elections:
Hitler lost the presidential election to Hindenburg but gained 36.8% of the vote.
In the July 1932 Reichstag election, the Nazis became the largest party with 37.3% but were denied power.
Franz von Papen’s Chancellorship (June–December 1932):
Appointed by Hindenburg, von Papen failed to stabilize the government and resigned.
Kurt von Schleicher’s Chancellorship (December 1932–January 1933):
Schleicher tried to suspend the constitution and gain special powers as he believed Hitler and von papen were trying to overthrow him.
Schleicher lost Hindenburg’s support and resigned.
Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933):
Von Papen and conservatives convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler, believing they could control him.
Hitler became Chancellor in a coalition government, with von Papen as Vice-Chancellor.
87
When did Hitler become chancellor?
Jan 30th 1933
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What points would you include in : Explain two effects on the German people of Hitler's methods to win their support in 1932.
ncreased Hope and Optimism:
Hitler's promises to restore the economy, create jobs, and overturn the Treaty of Versailles gave hope to Germans suffering from the Great Depression.
For example, his pledge to reduce unemployment (which reached 6 million in 1932) appealed to workers and the middle class.
Division and Fear:
Hitler's propaganda and violence created division, as his attacks on Jews, communists, and others caused fear and tension.
The SA (Stormtroopers) intimidated opponents, breaking up political meetings and silencing dissent.
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