Unit 3- topic 1

Question 1

Structure and function of CNS

Answer 1

Brain + spinal cord connected by brain stem
Processing + responding to sensory input from PNS

Question 2

Structure and Function of PNS

Answer 2

Comprises nerves + ganglia outside brain + spinal cord to communicates info to and from CNS

Question 3

subdivisions of PNS

Answer 3

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous system

Question 4

function of somatic nervous system

Answer 4

Transmits sensory info to, and motor commands from CNS. It is both voluntary and mediated by reflexes.

Question 5

function of autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

Communication between body’s non-skeletal muscles and internal organs + glands
Non-voluntary control of body’s functions e.g., heartbeat and breathing

Question 6

subdivisions and functions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 6

SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC
Sympathetic: fight-flight-freeze response
Parasympathetic: maintaining homeostasis (rest and digest)

Question 7

what is the spinal cords role in stimulus-response loops?

Answer 7

For stimulus-response loops, the spinal cord acts as a pathway that connects the brain and PNS

Question 8

definition of spinal reflexes

Answer 8

innate responses controlled by spinal cord without the brain to sensory stimuli which tend to contribute to safety and survival

Question 9

monosynaptic reflex arc

Answer 9

involves one synapse with a sensory neuron directly communicating a signal to a motor neuron

Question 10

Polysynaptic reflex arc

Answer 10

involves more than one synapse, including interneurons in the spinal cord

Question 11

cerebral cortex

Answer 11

surface of the rain that is covered in bumps and folds called gyri and sulci. Fissure is a deep sulcus called a fissure such as the longitudinal fissure that divides the hemispheres of the brain.

Question 12

corpus callosum

Answer 12

connects left and right hemispheres of brain

Question 13

occipital lobe role and cortex

Answer 13

primary visual cortex: processes visual information from the eyes

identifies and makes sense of visual information.

Question 14

parietal lobe function and cortex

Answer 14

somatosensory cortex: area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes.

responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste.

Question 15

temporal lobe function and cortex

Answer 15

primary auditory cortex: processes auditory information from the ears

identifies and makes sense of auditory information.

Question 16

frontal lobe function and cortex

Answer 16

responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech.

motor cortex: section of the frontal lobe located at the back; responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system.

Question 17

Brocas area lobe, function, and damage

Answer 17

Broca’s area (frontal lobe)- the speech production centre of the brain and the muscle movements of speech involving the motor control of the lips and tongue. Damage can lead to Broca’s aphasia (difficulty speaking, articulating, and constructing grammatically correct sentences)

Question 18

Wernicke’s area, lobe function, and damage

Answer 18

Wernicke’s area (temporal lobe)- responsible for speech comprehension by taking auditory input and applying meaning. Damage can lead to Wernicke’s aphasia (difficulty understanding speech and producing meaningful sentences)

Question 19

Geschwind’s territory, lobe and function

Answer 19

Geschwind’s territory (parietal lobe)- area of the brain that provides a connection between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area and other areas involved in language via bundle of nerve fibres.

Question 20

role of the limbic system

Answer 20

responsible for interpretation, production, and regulation of emotion, including behavior and motivation. located on both sides of thalamus.

Question 21

what makes up the limbic system

Answer 21

hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex

Question 22

hippocampus role

Answer 22

regulation and expression of emotion and memory
aids in recalling relevant memory to create meaning when presented with emotionally charged stimuli

Question 23

hypothalamus role

Answer 23

homeostasis and survival systems and links nervous systems to the endocrine system. Involved in physiological responses to fear stimuli

Question 24

thalamus role

Answer 24

involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and behavioural regulation

Question 25

amygdala role of both sides

Answer 25

involved in activation of some emotions (mainly fear) and memory formation

Left- mostly deals with positive emotion
Right- mostly deals with negative emotion

Question 26

prefrontal cortex role in the limbic system

Answer 26

underside connects brain regions that are involved in emotional processing and production and is also involved in regulating and modifying emotions

Question 27

what did LeDoux propose

Answer 27

two pathways of emotion

Question 28

LeDoux’s Biological Model- short route

Answer 28

Where an environmental stimulus is received by the thalamus and sent directly to the amygdala

Useful in survival situations (fight, flight, freeze)

Question 29

LeDoux’s Biological Model- long route

Answer 29

an environmental stimulus is received by the thalamus and then passes it to the sensory cortex. The information is then passed to the hypothalamus before then moving to the amygdala.

Useful in situations which require more appraisal/consideration (secondary appraisal)

Question 30

definition of voluntary movement

Answer 30

controlled consciously under control of brain and differs from spinal reflexes as they involve the brain and can involve complex series of planned movements

Question 31

three steps of voluntary movement

Answer 31

gather information, coordinating and remembering movement, executing movement

Question 32

basal ganglia role in voluntary movement

Answer 32

Positioned at base of forebrain and top of midbrain and have strong connections with cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem

Controls the information gathering process and enable movement through operating a complex feedback loop
Channel info from brain regions to motor cortex and block movements that don’t suit end goal. In doing so, receive info from frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

Question 33

processes and parts involved in coordinating and remembering movement

Answer 33

Muscle memory (procedural memory)- the ability to remember smooth, well sequenced movements

Cerebellum
Located in hindbrain and is associated with memory of coordinated movements
Coordinated primary motor cortex to help execute selected movements