Unit 3: Vasculature - 20.1; 20.6-20.8

Question 1

arteries

Answer 1

efferent vessels of the cardiovascular system; vessels that carry blood away from the heart; considered resistance vessel due to strong, resilient tissue structure; heart beat creates surge of pressure as blood is ejected into them; retain round shape when empty, appear relatively circular or elliptical in tissue sections

Question 2

veins

Answer 2

defined as the afferent vessel that carry blood back to the heart

Question 3

what are does not define arteries and veins

Answer 3

high or low oxygen in the blood they carry

Question 4

capillaries

Answer 4

microscopic, thin walled vessels that connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins

Question 5

walls of arteries and veins are composed of three layers called

Answer 5

tunics

Question 6

tunica interna

Answer 6

aka tunica intima; lines inside of the vessel and contacts the blood; simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) overlaying a basement membrane and a sparse layer of loose connective tissue; continuous with the endocardium of the heart; endothelium acts as selective permeable barrier to materials entering or leaving blood stream; secretes chemicals that stimulate dilation/constriction of the vessel; typ. repels blood cells and platelets so they flow freely without sticking to vessels wall; when tissue around a vessel is inflamed, endothelium produces cell-adhesion molecule to cling leukocytes to vessel wall which brings them to the tissues where defensive actions are needed

Question 7

endothelium

Answer 7

simple squamous epithelium tissue that lines lumen of blood, heart, and lymphatic vessels

Question 8

tunica media

Answer 8

strengthens vessels and prevents blood pressure from rupturing them, regulates diameter of a vessel; middle layer of blood vessel wall; usually thickest; smooth muscle and collagen tissue and some times elastic tissue; ratio of smooth vessel and elastic tissue differ and are a characteristic that is used to distinct vessels from one another

Question 9

tunica externa

Answer 9

aka tunica adventitia; anchors vessel of adjacent tissue and provides passage for small nerves, lymphatic vessels and smaller blood vessels that supply the tissues of the larger ones; consists of loose connective tissue that often merges with neighbouring blood vessels, nerves or other organs

Question 10

vasa vasorum

Answer 10

network of smaller blood vessels that provide the nutrition, oxygenation and waste removal for the larger and medium blood vessels that dont have their needs fully met by the blood they are carrying; most visible tunica externa since loose organization of tissue doesnt hide them; supplies to outer half of vessel wall

Question 11

3 classes of arteries

Answer 11

conducting (elastic/large), distributing (muscular/medium), resistance (small)

Question 12

conducting artery

Answer 12

elastic/large arteries - biggest, duh - layer of elastic tissue internal elastic lamina at the border ex: aorta, common carotid and subclavian arteries, pulmonary trunk, common iliac arteries.

Question 13

Why do arteries have so much more elastic tissue than veins?

Answer 13

Allows it to stretch and recoil - when recoiling they maintain that pressure surge from the heart and keep pushing that blood throughout the body.
Valves in veins keep the blood from flowing backwards.

Question 14

Distributing (muscular/medium) arteries

Answer 14

Distributing (muscular/medium)
distributes blood to specific organs
i.e. brachial, femoral, renal, splenic Smooth muscle layers 3/4 of wall thickness

Question 15

resistance arteries (Small arteries)

Answer 15

resistance (Small arteries)
arterioles: Smallest arteries
major point of control over how much blood an organ or tissue receives

Question 16

aneurysm

Answer 16

weak point in artery or heart wall; thin walled bulging sac that pulsates with each beat of the heart and may rupture

Question 17

capillaries

Answer 17

exchange vessels between blood and tissue fluid; all have endothelial cells and most have basal lamina a thin protein carb layer that separates adjacent connective tissue

Question 18

3 types of capilliaries

Answer 18

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoids

Question 19

Continuous capillaries

Answer 19

In most tissues
Endothelial cells tight junctions forming continuous tube
Intercellular clefts allow passage of small solutes such as glucose
Large molecules (Proteins, platelets, RBCs) held back.
Pericytes wrap around capillaries contain contractile proteins regulate blood flow

Question 20

Fenestrated capillaries

Answer 20

Organs that require rapid absorption or filtration Kidneys, small intestine, choroid plexuses
Endothelial cells riddled with filtration pores (fenestrations)
rapid passage of small molecules
retain proteins and larger particles in blood

Question 21

Sinusoids

Answer 21

aka discontinuous capillaries
irregular blood-filled spaces with large gaps between cells and fenestrations though them
no basal lamina
allow proteins (Albumin), clotting factors, and new blood cells to enter circulation
i.e. liver, bone marrow, spleen

Question 22

Veins

Answer 22

capacitance vessels

greater capacity for blood containment than arteries

collapse when empty, expand easily

Thinner walls, flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue

distant from ventricles -> low BP (~10mmHg)

Steady blood flow

holds 65% of blood at given timw

Question 23

smaller veins

Answer 23

tributaries

Question 24

4 types of veins

Answer 24

postcapillary venules, muscular venules, medium veins, large veins

Question 25

Postcapillary venules

Answer 25

Postcapillary venules smallest veins more porous than capillaries, exchange fluid with tissues most leukocytes emigrate from bloodstream through venule walls

Question 26

Muscular Venules

Answer 26

1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media

Question 27

Medium veins

Answer 27

Medium veins Thin tunica media and externa Tunica interna forms venous valves -place of varicose veins i.e. radial and ulnar veins of forearm, saphenous veins of leg.

Question 28

large

Answer 28

large veins some smooth muscle in all three tunics tunica externa thickest layer longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle Venae cava, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins, and renal veins

Question 29

A blood vessel adapted to withstand a high blood pressure would be expected to have:

Answer 29

elastic tunica media - because middle need to be able to stretch to accommodate pressure

Question 30

Anatomy of the pulmonary circuit

Answer 30

Anatomy of the pulmonary circuit Pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries-> Lobar branches for each lobe (3 right, 2 left) -> capillary beds that surround alveoli Oxygenated blood returns to heart through venules -> veins -> main pulmonary veins that return to left atrium basket like capillary beds surround alveoli exchange of gases with air and blood alveoli

Question 31

Systemic vessel naming

Answer 31

Systemic vessel naming naming often describe location: 1. The body region transversed axillary artery and brachial veins 2. The organ supplied or drained Hepatic artery and renal vein 3. Adjacent bone temporal artery and ulnar vein

Question 32

Systemic vessels of the axial region

Answer 32

Systemic vessels of the axial region i. Aorta, head and Neck ii. Thorax iii. abdomen and pelvis

Question 33

Ascending aorta

Answer 33

Ascending aorta right and left coronary arteries supply heart

Question 34

3 components that make aortic arch

Answer 34

brachiocephalic -right subclavian supplying right shoulder and upper limb -right common carotid supplying right side of head. Left common carotid supplying the right side of the head left subclavian supplying shoulder and upper limbs

Question 35

Descending aorta

Answer 35

thoracic aorta above diaphragm Abdominal aorta below diaphragm

Question 36

1st vessel off the aorta

Answer 36

1st vessel off the aorta is the coronary artery which feeds in the heart

Question 37

brachiocephalic which branches into

Answer 37

brachiocephalic which branches into subclavian (towards right arm) and carotid artery (toward brain)

Question 38

most critical artery is the

Answer 38

- most critical artery is the aorta and most branch off of it and rely on it for blood supply to reach your organs

Question 39

Phrenic

Answer 39

diaphragm

Question 40

celiac

Answer 40

upper abdominal organs

Question 41

suprarenal

Answer 41

supply adrenal glands that sit on kidneys

Question 42

renal

Answer 42

Kidneys

Question 43

gonadal

Answer 43

ovaries or testes

Question 44

Arteries of the head and neck receive blood from:

Answer 44

Common carotid a. vertebral a. (Off of subclavian)

Question 45

common carotid divides

Answer 45

into internal and external carotid

Question 46

external carotid supplies

Answer 46

most external head structures: 1. superior thyroid 2. lingual 3. facial 4. occipital 5. maxillary 6. superficial temporal

Question 47

arterioles take blood from heart to

Answer 47

capilliaries

Question 48

venules take blood to heart from

Answer 48

capilliaries