Unit 3: Water

Question 1

What is alkalinity?

Answer 1

Measure the dissolved alkaline substances in water and buffers water at a higher pH by neutralizing acids

Question 2

What comprises Total Dissolved Solids?

Answer 2

Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium, Chloride, Sulfate, Carbonate, Nitrate

Question 3

What can chlorine cause?

Answer 3

Chlorophenol flavors, membrane filter damage, can be aggressive on stainless

Question 4

What is abstraction in water treatment?

Answer 4

Storage water reservoirs that blend water, dilute contaminants, settling begins and organics break down

Question 5

Benefits of raw water treatment aeration

Answer 5

Removes volatile organics, CO2, taste/odor compounds
Oxidises some metals like iron (to insoluble ferric hydroxide)

Question 6

What does chlorine dissolved into water form?

Answer 6

Hypochlorous acid (can dissociate at higher pH into Hypochlorite) and Hydrochloric acid

Question 7

What can form if chlorine reacts with organic matter?

Answer 7

Organic halogens such as Trihalomethanes

Question 8

How are chloramines formed in water

Answer 8

Ammonia is dosed into water to react with free chlorine

Question 9

What are the steps in raw water treatment?

Answer 9

Abstraction
Reservoir
Coarse Screening
Fine Screening
Coagulation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Aeration
Activated Carbon
pH Adjustment
Disinfection

Question 10

What is water hardness?

Answer 10

Salts of calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, carbonate, nitrate

Question 11

What is the chemical compound for calcium bicarbonate?

Answer 11

Ca(HCO3)2

Question 12

What is the chemical compound for calcium carbonate?

Answer 12

CaCO3

Question 13

What is the chemical compound for carbonic acid?

Answer 13

H2CO3

Question 14

What is the chemical compound for Hydroxyl?

Answer 14

HO-

Question 15

What is produced as Calcium bicarbonate breaks down in water (with heat) to raise pH?

Answer 15

Hydroxyl ions

Question 16

Effects of alkaline wort

Answer 16

Poor saccharification, poor wort separation, dark wort, poor biological stability, poor protein precipitation, beer astringency

Question 17

How does permanent hardness lower wort pH?

Answer 17

phosphates from malt interact with calcium and magnesium ions to release H+ ions

Question 18

Total Hardness as CaCO3 =

Answer 18

(2.5 x Ca2+) + (4.12 x Mg2+)

Question 19

Water alkalinity definition

Answer 19

The amount of strong acid required to convert the carbonate and bicarbonate to CO2 at a pH of 4.4 (expressed as mg of CaCO3)

Question 20

Risidual Alkalinity equation

Answer 20

RA = Alkalinity - ((Ca/3.5) + (Mg/7))
OR reported as mg/L CaCO3
RA = Alkalinity (mg/L CaCO3) - ((Ca/1.4) + (Mg/1.7))
OR reported as bicarbonate:
RA = Alkalinity (0.83 x HCO3) - ((Ca/1.4) + (Mg/1.7))

Question 21

How will Residual Alkalinity values affect pH?

Answer 21

Positive values will increase pH, negative values will decrease pH

Question 22

Product Water Parameter: Alkalinity

Answer 22

0-100

Question 23

Product Water Parameter: Calcium

Answer 23

50-150

Question 24

Product Water Parameter: Chlorine

Answer 24

0

Question 25

Product Water Parameter: Chloride

Answer 25

0-100

Question 26

Product Water Parameter: Magnesium

Answer 26

0-40

Question 27

Product Water Parameter: Potassium

Answer 27

<10

Question 28

Product Water Parameter: Silicate

Answer 28

<25

Question 29

Product Water Parameter: Sulphate

Answer 29

0-250

Question 30

Product Water Parameter: Zinc

Answer 30

0.1-0.5

Question 31

Calcium benefits

Answer 31

Decreases mash pH, precipitates oxalate, improves hot break, restricts color formation, co-factor for enzymes, aids yeast flocculation

Question 32

Calcium negatives

Answer 32

Lower pH lower hop utilization, Too much can lend a dry and harsh minerality

Question 33

Which water ions are yeast cofactors?

Answer 33

Zinc, Calcium, Magnesium, Manganese, Copper, Iron, Potassium

Question 34

Molecular weight of CaCl.2H20

Answer 34

147

Question 35

Molecular weight of CaSO4.2H20

Answer 35

172

Question 36

Calculate amount of CaCl2.2H20 to add

Answer 36

mg Ca wanted x (mw CaCl2.2H20 / mw Ca)

Question 37

Calculate amount of Cl added from CaCl.2H20

Answer 37

Amount of CaCl2.2H20 Added x (2 x atomic weight Cl / mw CaCl2.2H20)

Question 38

Atomic weight of Calcium

Answer 38

40

Question 39

Molecular weight of SO4

Answer 39

96

Question 40

Molecular weight of Cl2

Answer 40

71

Question 41

How to remove iron from brewing water

Answer 41

Inject air or ozone into water (oxidizes) or phosphoric acid (binding iron with phosphates)

Question 42

How can alkalinity be reduced?

Answer 42

Decarbonation by heating Decarbonation by Lime treatment Decarbonation by acid addition Ion exchange Membrane filtration

Question 43

What is the media for ion exchange systems

Answer 43

Polymer resin beads covered in charged functional groups

Question 44

What solutions are used for ion exchange regeneration

Answer 44

Concentration of desirable ions, brine, Sodium hydroxide or strong acid (hydrochloric or sulphuric)

Question 45

4 types of ion exchange systems

Answer 45

Weakly Acidic Cation, Strong Acidic Cation, Weakly Basic Anion, Strong Basic Anion

Question 46

Primary function of a Weakly Acidic Cation exchange system

Answer 46

De-alkalization: removal of calcium and magnesium associated with temporary hardness

Question 47

WAC functional group and exchange ion

Answer 47

Carboxylic acid, hydrogen ions

Question 48

What is the product of WAC alkalinity?

Answer 48

Carbonic acid -> CO2 and Water Also releases H+ ions

Question 49

What does Strongly Acidic Cation exchange system remove?

Answer 49

All metal cations: Fe, Ca, Mg, K, Na, H Including Ca and Mg bound to bicarbonates (does not remove bicarbonates)

Question 50

SAC functional group and exchange ions

Answer 50

Sulphonic acid groups, sodium potassium or hydrogen ions

Question 51

WBA functional group and exchange ions

Answer 51

Amines, hydroxyl ions

Question 52

Primary function of Weakly Basic Anion exchange system

Answer 52

Remove anions of strong acids such as nitric, sulphuric and hydrochloric acids (contamination from fertilizers, sulphates and chlorides)

Question 53

Strongly Basic Anion ion exchange functional group and exchange ions

Answer 53

Quaternary ammonium compounds as group, chloride or hydroxyl ions

Question 54

Primary function of SBA ion exchange

Answer 54

Hydroxyl exchange ion: removes all anions Chloride exchange ion: removes nitrate, sulphate and several others Both remove alkalinity

Question 55

What 2 combinations of ion exchange systems are useful for full demineralization?

Answer 55

Strongly Acidic Cation -> Weakly Basic Anion Strongly Acidic Cation -> Strongly Basic Anion

Question 56

List the 4 levels of water filtration

Answer 56

Microfiltration (0.1 um), Ultra filtration (0.01) , Nanofiltration (0.001), Reverse Osmosis (0.0001)

Question 57

What methods can be used to remove chlorine from water?

Answer 57

Activated carbon, metabisulphite (creates sulphur dioxide which reacts with chlorine to form chloride and sulphate), UV degradation (180-200 nm, yields chloride)

Question 58

4 methods for water sterilization

Answer 58

Chlorine Dioxide at 1.5 mg/L, Ozone at 0.5 mg/L, UV light (200-280 nm), Sterile Filtration (0.2-0.45 um)