Unit 3.1-3 (Land-Based Empires Expand/Govern and Changing Belief Systems)

Question 1

Empires expanded thanks to…

Answer 1

the use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade

Question 2

Tamerlane

Answer 2

The father of gunpowder empires who established the “ghazi ideal” (model warrior life)

Question 3

Gunpowder Empire

Answer 3

A group of large Muslim states in central Asia that used gunpowder to conquer land

Question 4

Examples of Gunpowder Empires

Answer 4

Ottoman Empire (Sunni), Safavid Empire (Shia), Mughal Empire (Syncretic), and Russian Empire (Orthodox Christian)

Question 5

Ottoman Empire (Sunni; Mehmed II)

Answer 5

Used cannons to conquer Constantinople and navy to conquer and force Venice to pay tributes. Declined due to lost battle and political conflict.

Question 6

Sunni Islam

Answer 6

Any devout Muslim can be a spiritual leader

Question 7

Safavid Empire (Shia; Ismail & Abbas the Great)

Answer 7

Ismali used gunpowder to conquer and Abbas forced Christian boys to serve in army (Devshirme); also used Shia to unify empire. Declined due to leaders wasting money on luxuries, rebellion in Afghan., and lost battle to Ottomans

Question 8

Shia Islam

Answer 8

Only those related to the prophet Mohammed can be a spiritual leader

Question 9

Mughal Empire (Mix of Hindu & Muslim; Barbur & Akbar the Great)

Answer 9

Barbur used gunpowder to conquer northern India and Akbar tolerated all religions and patronized (gave move) them; gave Hindus gov. positions and married Hindu women, didn’t tax Hindus, and tried to stop child marriage/sati (widow suicide after losing husband). Declined due to loss of wealth after failed expansion attempt and intolerant religion policies of Arunbang.

Question 10

Qing China (Emperor Kangxi)

Answer 10

Military force and gunpowder used to incorporate Taiwan, Mongolia, and parts of Cent. Asia under Kangxi and additions to western China under Emperor Qianlong

Question 11

White Lotus Rebellion

Answer 11

Unsuccessful peasant revolt over high taxes

Question 12

Russia (Ivan IV/the Terrible)

Answer 12

Attacked Siberian kingdoms using gunpowder and cossacks (peasant warriors) because he wanted to control the fur trade

Question 13

Political and Religious Disputes Between States were caused by…

Answer 13

rivalries and conflicts

Question 14

Ottoman vs. Safavid Empires

Answer 14

Safavid denies Sunnis right to live in their land, angering Ottoman empire and they establish trade embargo (bans on trade) with Safavid; Battle of Tabriz won by Ottomans and stops western Safavid expansion

Question 15

Mughals vs. Hindu Indians

Answer 15

Akbar’s grandson, Aurangzeb, becomes leader and persecutes Hindus as a devout Muslim and so religious minorities rebel against him, collapsing his empire

Question 16

To maintain their power, rulers…

Answer 16

recruited bureaucratic elites and military power. England used “justices of peace” appointed by king.

Question 17

Janissaries

Answer 17

Special military units made up of devshirme (drafted Christian boys of Ottoman Empire) to expand Ottoman rule.

Question 18

Boyars

Answer 18

Russian land owning nobles

Question 19

Oprichnina

Answer 19

A secret military formed to do Ivan the Terrible’s will

Question 20

Zamindars

Answer 20

Paid government officials of the Mughal Empire in charge of specific duties

Question 21

Divine Right of Kings

Answer 21

The belief that the right to rule is given to a king by God such as the French king Louis XIV

Question 22

Askia the Great of Songhai (West Afr.)

Answer 22

Made Islam the official religion and went on a pilgrimage to Mecca

Question 23

Rulers used ____ to solidify their rule

Answer 23

religious beliefs, artwork, and monumental architecture

Question 24

Examples of monumental architectures used to display power:

Answer 24

Mughal Taj Mahal, (Sulaymaniyah) Ottoman Mosque, French Palace of Versailles, Chinese Forbidden Palace and Qing Imperial Portraits

Question 25

Rulers used ______ to _____ and expand their power

Answer 25

tax collection systems; generate revenue

Question 26

Examples of tax collection systems

Answer 26

Russian head (individual) tax, Ottoman tax farming, Mughal Zamindars collected taxes, Ming China and Aztecs collected tributes, Incan Mit'a System

Question 27

Control in Russia and Effects of Ivan IV

Answer 27

System similar to Feudalism system of Europe, Ivan IV forced boyars to move to Moscow to keep an eye on them (so did Louis XIV), separated Russia into provinces, collected taxes, and created a senate to advise the gov. while he was away

Question 28

Japan Government

Answer 28

Utilized feudal system, with Shoguns being a military leader, Daimyos being lords over provinces and Samurais being knights. Shogun Tokugawa required daimyo to live in capital most of the time or to have their families live there to keep watch over them and prevent them from rebelling.

Question 29

Protestant Reformation

Answer 29

A religious movement that split the Catholic church and formed a new branch of Christianity in the 16th Century. Led by Martin Luther, a Catholic monk who was upset by church corruption and nailed the 95 Theses (protestant beliefs that salvation was through grace, nothing else)

Question 30

Causes of Protestant Reformation

Answer 30

Simony (selling church positions to highest bidder )and Indulgences (pardons of sin that were paid for)

Question 31

Calvinism

Answer 31

Branch of Christianity by French theologian John Calvin that believed God chose who went to heaven and who went to hell.

Question 32

Protestant Work Ethic

Answer 32

Part of Calvinism that believed hard work was a sign of salvation

Question 33

Anglicanism

Answer 33

Branch of Christianity by King Henry VIII because the Pope wouldn't let him divorce his wife

Question 34

Counter-Reformation

Answer 34

A response from the Catholic Church to the Reformation; inquisition courts (used to find and punish Protestants, Jews, and Muslims), Jesuits (Catholic missionaries), and Council of Trent (church conference that reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and got rid of corrupt parts)

Question 35

Catholicism remained ____ in ____

Answer 35

strongest; Spain, France, and Portugal

Question 36

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 36

An effect of conflicts over religion that allowed individual German states to choose between Catholic and Protestant leadership

Question 37

Edict of Nantes

Answer 37

Issued by King Henry IV that allowed for religious freedom in France

Question 38

30 Years War

Answer 38

A religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire leading to famine, starvation, and disease

Question 39

Peace of Westphalia

Answer 39

Allowed every state of the HRE to choose between Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism, allowing Austria and Prussia to rise to power

Question 40

Orthodox Church and Reforms in Russia

Answer 40

Peter the Great puts church under his control by abolishing the patriarch (head of church)m established the "Holy Synod" which answered to the Tsar, and raised monk age to 50 to encourage youths to join the army instead of the church

Question 41

Causes of conflict between Ottomans and Safavids

Answer 41

Differences in theology and trade embargos

Question 42

Sikhism (Guru Nanak)

Answer 42

Syncretic belief between Hinduism and Islam that was monotheistic (Muslim) but believed in samsara/reincarnation (Hindu)