Unit 3.5 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
What is quantitative analysis?
A
Involves measurements of variables that are thought to optimize or maximize performance
Eg. 3d body movement using High speed cinematography, EMG
2
Q
What is Qualitative analyses?
A
Involves obtaining information visually or auditory to asses performances
3
Q
What is Biomechanics?
A
Examines the internal and external forces action on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
4
Q
Kinematics study of Motion
A
Study of time and space factors of a body in motion
5
Q
Variables used to describe motion
A
time, displacement, velocity, acceleration
Used to describe angular and linear motion
6
Q
Types of Motion
A
Linear
General
Angular
7
Q
Linear Motion
A
All parts of the body move the same distance, same direction, same time
3 types
8
Q
Three types of Linear Motion
A
Translation: body moves as a unit without individual segment parts of the body moving relative to one another
Rectilinear: Movement follows a straight line
Curvilinear: Movement path is curved
9
Q
Angular Motion
A
Body moves around a circular path, through the same angle, in the same direction, at the same time
Axis of rotation is point at which movement occurs
ALL JOINT MOVEMENT IS ANGULAR
10
Q
General Motion
A
Combination of linear and angular motion
Includes athletic and many everyday activities
11
Q
Cause of Motion
A
Application of an external force
12
Q
Causes of motion: Force
A
any action, push or pull, which tends to cause an object to change its state of motion by experiencing an acceleration
basis of all movements
13
Q
Causes of motion: Constant Velocity
A
An object is not accelerating
14
Q
Causes of motion: Linear motion
A
forces which act through the body’s centre of mass
15
Q
Causes of motion: Angular motion
A
forces that do not go through the centre of mass
16
Q
Levers
A
Simple mechanisms that augment the amount of work done by an applied force
3 classes
acting on levers is a resistive force ( R), an applied force (af),
17
Q
Fulcrum
A
a fixed point ridged that the body that rotate about
18
Q
3 classes of levers
A
First Class: teeter- totter, ( R) (f) (af) down
Second Class: wheel burrow, (f) ( R) (af) up
Third Class: screen door with spring closing, (f) (af)up ( R)
19
Q
Mass
A
Measure of how much matter an object has
20
Q
Inertia
A
reluctance of an object to change its state of motion from rest to moving, to moving faster, or to slowing down back to rest
21
Q
Moment of Inertia
A
function of the mass of a rotating object and how its mass is distributed about its axis of rotation
22
Q
Centre of Mass
A
located at the balance point of a body where the mass is concentrated
- Generally about the belly button
- females have lower centre of mass then males
23
Q
Weight vs. Mass
A
Mass
- measure of inertia
- measured in kg
Weight
- measure of force of gravity
- measured in newtons
- varies directly with the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity
24
Q
Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
Principle #1
A
Stability- Principle #1
- The lower the centre of gravity, the larger the base of support, the closer the line of gravity to the centre of the base of support, and the greater the mass, the more STABILITY increases.
25
Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
Principle #2 & #3
Maximum Effort
Principle #2:
-The production of maximum force requires the use of all the joints that can be used.
Principle #3:
-The production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order – from the largest to the smallest.
26
Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
Principle #4 & #5
Linear Motion
Principle #4:
-The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity.
Principle #5:
-Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite that of the applied force.
27
Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
Principle #6 & #7
Angular Motion
Principle #6:
-Angular motion is produced by the application of force acting at some distance from an axis (or a torque).
Principle #7:
-Angular momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air.
28
Newtons First Law: Inertia
An object will not change its state of motion unless acted upon by an external force
29
Newtons Second Law: Acceleration
For Linear Movement; the acceleration of a body experiences is proportional to the force causing it, and takes place in the same direction as the force
For Angular Movement; the acceleration of a body is proportional to the movement of force causing it, and takes place in the same direction as the moment of force
30
Newtons Third Law: Action- Reaction
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
| Two acting forces are equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction
31
Sport Psychology
Study placed within context of sports
- how people think, feel, & behave in sport situations
- mental process that motivates the way athletes behave in training and competition
32
Personality
Pattern of characteristics, thoughts, feelings, & behaviours that distinguish one person from another and persist over time and situations
33
Mental and Physical Connection
Connection between brain activity and body
- In an athlete performance, cerebral cortex plays a key role
- nervousness leads to extra stimulus being placed on muscles and the development of nervous tension
- Controllable through relaxation exercises and techniques
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Ideal Performance State
- complete absence of doubt and fear of failure, general lack of inhabitation
- narrow focus of attention, no distractions
- sense of effortless and simply "letting it happen"
- powerful feelings of being in control of performance
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Arousal
"psyched up"
| athlete feels ready to physically and psychologically
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Anxiety
general sense of uncertainty
| muscular tension, "butterflies"
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Relaxation
mind/ body state with no anxiety
38
Concentration
ability to keep ones focus without being distracted
| able to determine what is relevant and irrelevant to performance
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Motivation
- direction and intensity of effort
- direction refers to attrition to certain sports situations
- intensity refers to amount of physical "mental energy"
40
Is there a difference in personality characteristics between athletes and non- athletes?
Yes, athletes are show or show more; determination, competitive, perseverance, goal setting, confident
41
What characteristics do athletes need to be successful?
driven, competitive, desire, focus, perseverance, time management
42
How do athletes psych themselves up or calm themselves down before and after competition?
rituals, meditation, positive thinking, getting hyped up- encouragement, music
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Factors linked to success in sport?
motivation, routines, anxiety management, confidence, performance knowledge
44
Seven Elements of Excellence
```
Commitment
Belief/ self- confidence
Full Focus
Positive Images
Mental Readiness
Distraction Control
Constructive Evaluation
```
45
Seven Elements of Excellence: Commitment
Commitment: commitment to excel, be the best you can be, do what is required to excel, develop mental physical and technical links to excellence, to your goals, persist through obstacles, give everything
46
Seven Elements of Excellence: Belief/ Self-confidence
Belief: in your own potential, meaningfulness of your pursuit, your focus, capacity to achieve your goals, preparation or readiness, in those with whom you work or play
Steps to personal belief:
1. Someone believing in you
2. thinking maybe you can
3. Acting as if you can
4. Believing you can
5. Knowing you can
6. Trusting you will
47
Seven Elements of Excellence: Full Focus
Full Focus: the duration of the performance, on the task at hand, in the moment, in the zone,on the performance, totally connecting to learning, on auto pilot, letting things unfold naturally
48
Seven Elements of Excellence: Positive Images
Positive Images: dream big dreams, go after your dreams, follow a desired course of action, pursue specific targets or goals, prepare yourself to act and react in constructive ways, feel the flawless execution of desired performance skills, create positive feelings about yourself and your capacity, remain positive, enhance confidence
49
Seven Elements of Excellence: Mental Readiness
Mental readiness: create and take advantage of learning and performance opportunities, develop essential mental and physical and technical skills necessary to excel in your pursuit, plan practice and prepare effectively, perform to capacity, follow a path that brings out the best in you, relax yourself and your focus away from the performance zone
50
Seven Elements of Excellence: Distraction Control
Distraction Control: maintain an effective focus, regain an effective focus when distorted before during and after a performance, quickly re-enter "the zone" of high performance, stick with your own game plan, get adequate rest, stay on your own best path for personal excellence
51
Seven Elements of Excellence: Constructive Evaluation
Constructive Evaluation: reflect upon what you did well, reflect upon what you can refine or improve, draw out important lessons from each experience/performance, assess the role of your commitment attitude mental readiness and focus in relation to your performance, target areas for improvement, act upon the lessons learned
52
Critical Periods
- sensitive periods
- child must be exposed to stimuli at this time
- period is early in child's life
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Readiness
implies individual is prepared/ read to acquire a behaviour or skill
performance requires; desire, ability, information, acquisition of physical characteristics
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Stages of Growth and Development
Infancy (birth-1 yr)
Childhood (1-11yrs)
Adolescence (14-20 yrs)
55
Infancy
birth to 1 yr
| period of rapid growth
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Childhood
1-11yrs
| consists of early, mid, late childhood
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Early Childhood
1-6 yrs
| gradual loss of baby fat (girls
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Mid Childhood
6-10 yrs
slower, more consistent growth
improved coordination and motor function
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Late Childhood
10-16yrs
increase rate of growth
fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt (9-10 girls, 11-12 boys)
individual differences in maturation
development of reproduction system
appearance of secondary sex trait (breats, pubic hair)
Redistribution of body weight (boys- muscle tissue, body fat) (girls- slight body fat)
60
Adolescence
14-20 yrs
following puberty
ends with onset of adulthood
obvious difference in physical growth, cease with ends of adolescence
variability of body types (ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph)
external social pressures for "ideal" body type
61
Motor Development
Starts at a young age- learning basic skills
Requires sufficient learning time and experiences
Taught by a qualified instructor
Use quality equipment
Follow the right progression
3 stages
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3 stages of motor development
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
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Motor Development: Cognitive Stage
Begins when task is first introduced
Verbal, general instructions
Performance: slow, jerky, awkward
Obvious improvements occur quickly
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Motor Development: Associative Stage
Focus on performing & refining skills
Concentrate on smaller details
Performance: controlled, consistent
Become consciously competent
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Motor Development: Autonomous Stage
Attention to strategy
Performance: automatic, very proficient
Improvements are slow
unconsciously competent (don't think,do)
66
Types of Feedback: Descriptive
general feedback
"right or wrong"
does not say how to fix the problem
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Types of Feedback: Prescriptive
precise feedback
corrections on how to improve
generates better results
68
Feedback with Motor Development Sage
Cognitive: feedback is vital
Associative: summary feedback
Autonomous: Feedback withdrawal
69
Factors affecting growth and development
```
hereditary
nutrition
-malnutrition= delay growth
-overeating=obesity
Socioeconomic status
- income
-education
- time
- availability
```
70
Factors affecting growth and development: Exercise and Bone Development
regular exercise increases bone diameter and density
| overuse injuries can cause disruption to bone growth
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Factors affecting growth and development: Exercise and Body Composition
increase in lean moody mass
| decrease in fat
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Factors affecting growth and development: Exercise and Social Development
positive interaction= cooperation, leadership, perseverance
| pressure by parents and coaches can hinder the development of an active lifestyle and cause stress
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Factors affecting growth and development: Gender and Body Structure
Same (mostly) at birth
childhood similar (girls more fat)
girls hit puberty first
boys taller and leaner
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Factors affecting growth and development: Social and Psychological factors
self-esteem
| self concept increased( when having fun and succeeding)
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Factors affecting growth and development: Social Influences
Family, peers
76
Factors affecting growth and development: Why are sports important?
improve skills
have fun
be with friends
win
77
Factors affecting growth and development: Why drop out of sport?
interpersonal problems (dislike coach or peers)
Lack of money
Pursue other leisure activities
Become more included in other sports
78
History of Canadian Sport: 1600-1850
Farmers- little recreational time
Military- cricket, horse racing, fox hunting, snowshoeing, lacrosse
Very few working class participated, NO FREE TIME
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History of Canadian Sport: 1850-1920
working class had more free time
Hockey
-NHL created
- Recreational play
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History of Canadian Sport: 1920-1960
post wars
NHL increase, more spectators, more teams
Money put into sport
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History of Canadian Sport: 1960-present
Sport becomes big business
-clothing, spectators, arena,
teams make money
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James Naismith
Inventor of Basketball
83
Tom Long Boat
marathon runner, won boston marathon
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Bill Crothers
800m olympic gold
85
Fergie Jenkins
Baseball pitcher
86
Paul Henderson
Winning gold in summit series 1972, hockey
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Rick Hansen
"Man in Motion" wheelchair athlete
88
Terry Fox
"Marathon of Hope" across Canada for cancer research
89
Silken Laumann
Rower
90
Wayne Gretski
Hockey
91
Donovan Bailey
100m, 4x100m rely, gold olympic
92
Olympic Highlight: Athens, 1896
311 male athletes from 13 countries participated in 9 sports at the inaugural games
93
Olympic Highlight: Paris, 1900
Poorly organized, 13 sports added, women competed in golf and tennis
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Olympic Highlight: St. Louis, 1904
only 12 countries participated, majority of competitors were American
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Olympic Highlight: London, 1908
Use of all british judges caused animosity among many teams
96
Olympic Highlight: Stockholm, 1912
2,490 male athletes and 57 female athletes participated in these successful games
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Olympic Highlight: Antwerp, 1920
Recovery from WW1, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey not included
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Olympic Highlight: Paris, 1924
44 countries and 3,092 competitors were involved
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Olympic Highlight: Amsterdam, 1928
Several women collapsed at the end of 800m dash
100
Olympic Highlight: Los Angeles, 1932
First olympic village built, over 100,00 spectators present
101
Olympic Highlight: Berlin, 1936
Hitler used these games for propaganda, Jesse Owens won 4 gold medals
102
Olympic Highlight: London, 1948
Germany, USSR, Japan did not attend post WW2 games
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Olympic Highlight: Helsinki, 1952
USSR participated after a 40 year absence. known as the "friendly games"
104
Olympic Highlight: Melbourne, 1952
Marked by political turmoil, many countries withdrew, equestrian event moved to Sweden
105
Olympic Highlight: Rome, 1960
All- white team represented South Africa in keeping with apartheid policy. Cyclist died as a result of using performance- enhancing drugs
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Olympic Highlight: Tokyo, 1964
South Africa banned from Games for apartheid policy. Indonesia and North Korea voluntarily withdrew
107
Olympic Highlight: Mexico City, 1968
Drug testing occurred for the first time
| Black americans staged a protest against inequality and injustice in the treatment of blacks in the US
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Olympic Highlight: Munich, 1972
Rhodesian team sent home for sending an all white team
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Olympic Highlight: Montreal, 1976
French Canadians upset because Queen Elizabeth II opened the games. Black African countries boycotted the games
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Olympic Highlight: Moscow, 1980
Boycott by Western countries including Canada- spearheaded by US president Jimmy Carter
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Olympic Highlight: Los Angeles, 1984
USSR, Cuba, and most eastern european countries boycotted as "payback" for western countries boycotting the Moscow games.
Romania was the only Warsaw pact country to participate.
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Olympic Highlight: Seoul, 1998
Ben Johnson stripped of gold medal for positive steroid test
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Olympic Highlight: Barcelona, 1992
First USA dream team with Michael Jordan participated and easily won gold in basketball
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Olympic Highlight: Atlanta, 1996
Donovan Bailey set a world record in the mens 100m sprint
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Olympic Highlight: Sydney, 2000
Flawless organization, perfect site for the olympics, arguably the best games ever
116
Olympic Highlight: Athens, 2004
1.5 billion dollars spent on extra security following september 11, 2001
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Olympic Highlight: Beijing, 2008
Usain Bolt set three world records and Michael Phelps won 8 gold metals in swimming
