Unit 3.5 Reproduction/Homeostasis

Question 1

osmolarity

Answer 1

refers to the solute concentration of a solution

Question 2

osmoregulation

Answer 2

the control of water balance inside a living organism
eg. humans/animals maintain internal solute concentration

Question 3

osmoconfronters

Answer 3

organisms that match their internal solute concentration with their environment
eg. jellyfish

Question 4

what does animal waste do?

Answer 4

breaks down amino acids and nucleic acids which produces nitrogenous waste

Question 5

nitrogenous waste in mammals?

Answer 5

known as urea, excreted by kidneys as urine. the purpose is to keep the osmotic concentration of the body limited in range

Question 6

nephrons

Answer 6

a structural and functional unit of the kidney. it is comprised of other functions

Question 7

bowman’s capsule

Answer 7

the first part of the nephron where blood is initially filtered and components of blood is pushed out

Question 8

proximal convoluted tube

Answer 8

folded structure connected to bowman’s capsule where selective reabsorption occurs
*reabsorption accordingly to homeostasis

Question 9

loop of Henle

Answer 9

selectively permeable loop, descneds into medulla and has a salt gradient

Question 10

distal convoluted tube

Answer 10

folded structure connected to the loop of Henle, selective reabsorption occurs
*reabsorption concerning regulation of water, electrolytes, and hydrogen ion balance.

Question 11

phases of filtration

Answer 11

1. ultrafiltration
2. selective reabsorption
3. osomoregulation

Question 12

renal artery

Answer 12

composition of blood entering kidney (blood ingested substances, urea/other excretory waste)

Question 13

renal vein (bigger one)

Answer 13

composition of blood leaving the kidney (blood has less urea, glucose, water, solutes. and has more co2)

Question 14

ultrafiltration as phase 1

Answer 14

small ions (amino acids, water, salts, glucose) are filtered into bowman’s capsule while large proteins cannot pass (eg. RBC)

Question 15

selective filtration as phase 2

Answer 15

reabsorbs useful substances in (mainly) proximal and distal tubules (partly).

Question 16

osmoregulation (part of loop of henle) as phase 3

Answer 16

selectively permeable loop that descends into medulla and has a salt gradient

Question 17

what is the loop of Henle made out of

Answer 17

1. descending limb - permeable to water NOT salts
2. ascending limb - permeable to salt NOT water

Question 18

function of ADH

Answer 18

control of water reabsorption which is released when dehydrated

Question 19

When does ADH decrease

Answer 19

when hydrated, less water is reabsorbed and urine is diluted.

Question 20

when does ADH increase

Answer 20

when dehydrated, more aquaporins are relased, water levels are less, and urine is more concentrated

Question 21

reproduction

Answer 21

all species must reproduce to survive, can be reproduced asexually or sexually and in rare cases both ways.

Question 22

asexual reproduction

Answer 22

one parent only, through mitosis offspring are genetically identical, often occurs in non-changing environments

Question 23

sexual reproduction

Answer 23

fusion of egg and sperm cell (2 parents), through meiosis, offspring are genetically different. offspring often are able to adjust to surrounding environment

Question 24

meiosis

Answer 24

sexual reproduction, fusion of male and female sex cells, functions to halve the chromosomes, parental genes are broken up

Question 25

female gametes

Answer 25

large eggs, doesn't move on its on cilia moves it along oviduct, one egg produced a month, 23 chromosomes (haploid), used proteins and fats as food

Question 26

male gametes

Answer 26

smaller sperm cell, swims on its own using tail, millions produced after puberty, 23 chromosomes, uses sugar as food

Question 27

Vas deferens (sperm duct) (m)

Answer 27

carries sperm to penis during ejaculation

Question 28

Prostate gland (m)

Answer 28

adds alkaline fluids that neutralize the vaginas acids

Question 29

Urethra (m)

Answer 29

delivers sperm during ejaculation and excretes urine.

Question 30

penis/erectile muscle (m)

Answer 30

muscles become erect to participate in intercourse/delivers sperm to vagina

Question 31

Seminal vesicles (m)

Answer 31

add nutrients such as fructose sugar for respiration. Creates mucus to protect sperm.

Question 32

Epididymis (m)

Answer 32

sperm matures here and is able to move and is stored here awating ejaculation

Question 33

Testis (m)

Answer 33

produces millions of sperm everyday and produces testosterone

Question 34

Scrotum (m)

Answer 34

protects testes and holds it outside the body to maintain an optimal temperature for sperm

Question 35

Uterus (f)

Answer 35

provides protection, nutrients, waste removal for developing fetus

Question 36

Fallopian tube/oviduct (f)

Answer 36

connects ovary to uterus, fertilsation of egg occurs

Question 37

Ovary (f)

Answer 37

where eggs are stored, developed, and matured. Plus produces estrogen and progesterone

Question 38

endometrium (lining of uterus) (f)

Answer 38

developed each month preparing for one fertilised egg

Question 39

Cervix (f)

Answer 39

muscular opening that is the entrance to the uterus. Closes to protect fetus and opens during birth

Question 40

Vagina (f)

Answer 40

accepts the penis during intercourse, sperm is received here.

Question 41

placanta

Answer 41

an organ that develops during pregnancy, its connects the umbilical cord to the baby which helps provide oxygen and nutrients

Question 42

menstrual cycle

Answer 42

occurs from puberty to menopause, lasts ~28 days, controls production of eggs, prepares lining to receive embryo

Question 43

ovarian cycle phases

Answer 43

follicular phase and luteal phase

Question 44

follicular phase

Answer 44

follicles develop in over (egg is inside follicle), mature follicles burst and release the egg AKA ovulation occurs, phase lasts ~14 days

Question 45

luteal phase

Answer 45

broken follicles turn into corpus luteum, release hormones to support pregnancy, without fertilization, it degenerates, lasts ~14 days

Question 46

corpus luteum

Answer 46

temp. collection of cells that form in ovary during period, purpose is to create a healthy environment for the fetus to grow

Question 47

uterine cycle

Answer 47

endometrium lining gets thicker, lining is very rich in blood (for embryo implantation), w/o embryo, the lining sheds aka period

Question 48

hormones during menstrual cycle

Answer 48

follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH), estrogen (oestradiol), Progesterone (prepares lining for implantation of embryo)

Question 49

Anterior pituitary

Answer 49

produces FSH and LH

Question 50

LH

Answer 50

causes ovulation and forms corpus luteumo

Question 51

FSH

Answer 51

stimulates follicular growth and estrogen secretion

Question 52

ovaries

Answer 52

estrogen thickens lining, prevents FSH and LH for ~whole cycle and stimulates them before ovulation

Question 53

human fertilization process

Answer 53

eggs release chemicals that sperm detects, sperm swims to egg and pushes into glycoprotein of egg, sperm binds to eggs plasma membrane,